Transcript Unit 4 - Cloudfront.net

Warm-Up
• “To know the laws means not to accept
the words, but their meaning and
significance.”
– Justinian
Unit 4:
Post Classical Era:
600-1450 AD
Byzantine Empire
• 340-1453 AD
• Originally the Eastern part of Roman
Empire.
• Capital city- Constantinople
• Great Emperor, Justinian wanted to
restore Roman glory.
• Conflicts with East and West Christian
Church split church leadership.
East vs. West
• Language:
– East-Greek
– West-Latin
• Byzantines view West as barbarians
• Western Romans viewed East as sneaky
and liars.
The Christian Church
• EAST- The Eastern Orthodox Church
Christian Church.
– Patriarch of Constantinople, highest church
official, appointed by Emperor.
– Emperor was supreme leader of church
• WEST- Roman Catholic Church. Pope
head of church
The Great Schism
• The official splitting up of the Church
between Eastern Orthodox Christians and
Roman Catholics
• In 1054, the Pope excommunicated the
Patriarch of Constantinople.
– Excommunication- banning someone from
being a member of the church.
Clash of Churches
• Icon- a holy picture of Jesus, the Virgin
Mary, or the saints.
• Iconoclast- the belief that having icons in
church was the same as worshipping
idols.
• Both churches did not like icons, however,
they were for people who could not read.
Justinian
• Byzantine Emperor from 527-565 AD
• Justinian Code- law code of Byzantine
Empire that cover marriage, crime,
property, and slavery.
• Preserved Roman idea that people should
be ruled by laws rather than whims of
leaders.
Warm-Up
• What is the name of the new Empire
that was once part of the eastern part
of the Roman Empire?
• REMEMBER TO WRITE THE WHOLE
QUESTION!!!
After Justinian
• Constant wars with Persians, Germanic
tribes, Slavs, Muslim Empire and others
lost lands of the empire
• The Ottoman Turks came into Asia Minor
and capture Constantinople in 1453 AD,
marking the end of the Byzantine Empire.
The Rise of Islam
• Started in the Arabian Peninsula
• Muhammad- Prophet, born in Mecca
about 570 AD.
• Founded Islam around 610 AD.
– Islam means submission to [the will of] God.
• Qur’an- (Koran)- holy book, the word of
God as revealed to Muhammad.
• Muslims- followers of Islam
Islam
•
Five Pillars- the basic acts of Islam
1. Shahadah- declaring there is no god except
God, and Muhammad is God’s messenger
2. Salat- ritual prayer 5 times a day
3. Sawm- fasting and self-control during
Ramadan
4. Zakat- giving 2.5% of savings to poor and
needy
5. Hajj- pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in a
lifetime.
Cont…
• Mosques- temples for worship.
– No furniture, only mats or rugs
– Do no contain images of people or animals
• Jihad- the struggle to defend the faith.
– some believe that any one who died in the
struggle will be rewarded in heaven
The Spread of Islam
• Caliph- successor of the Prophet.
– Abu Bakr- took over after Muhammad
– Umar- took over after Abu Bakr
• Muslims were religiously tolerant.
– Accepted Christians and Jews
– When taking lands, convert to Islam or pay a
high tax.
– Peace agreements made w/o battles
Islam Divided
•
•
•
•
•
Caliph Uthman was murdered
Ali was chosen as new caliph
661 AD, Ali was assassinated
Mu’awiyah was chosen as new caliph
Supporters of Ali thought his son should
be new caliph
– Sunni- supporters of Mu’awiyah as caliph
– Shi’ah- supporters of Ali’s descendants as
caliphs.
Warm-Up
• What are the basic acts of Islam called?
–Hint: It’s a number
Islamic Empire
• Ottoman Empire- came from Turkish
Muslims and controlled much of
Anatolia/Asia Minor (Turkey).
• Sultanates- the supreme leaders of
Ottoman Society.
– Mehmed II- conquered Constantinople in
1453 and renamed it Istanbul.
• Suleiman the Magnificent- expanded the
empire.
– Called “Lawgiver” by his people.
Islamic Contributions
• Geography- charted maps that were used
until 1600 AD
• Mathematics- took India’s concept of
“zero” and added 9 other numbers. World
now uses the “Arabic” numbers 0-9.
– Also introduced Algebra from the word Al-jabr
meaning restoring
Cont…
• The Artsforbidden to use
images of people,
animals, and
images of God.
Used geometric
and floral designs
instead.
Invasion of Europe
• Islam makes its way to Europe in 711 AD
• The Moors- invade Spain and conquer
quickly-make way to France.
• The Franks beat the Moors at the Battle
of Tours in 732 AD.
• The Moors occupy Spain for nearly 700
years.
• Christians fight back
The Rise of the Middle Ages
• Middle Ages-AKA-Medieval Ages/Dark Ages
• Time frame 400-1500 AD
• Germanic tribes plunder Europe, creating
small kingdoms.
• Citizens in Rome leave city for country side
The Rise of the Franks
• Clovis became Frankish ruler in 481 AD,
established the Merovingian line of rulers.
– After death, kingdom divided by his sons
• Pepin The Short became ruler in 751 AD,
established the Carolingian line of rulers.
– Because he helped get rid of the Lombard
Germanic tribe, the Pope favored Pepin and
his successors.
Warm-Up
• What is the term used for the
successor of the Prophet?
Book Assignment
• Pages 240-242:
– Question 4: A-C
• Pages 243-247
– Question 4: A & B
• Pages 248-253
– Question 4: A-C
Warm-Up
• What is the name of the battle in the
year 732 that stopped the advancement
of Muslims into Europe?
Charlemagne
• Son of Pepin, became ruler
in 768 AD.
• United all Frankish tribes
into one Frankish kingdom.
• Pushed back Muslims from
advancing into Europe.
• On Christmas Day, 800 AD,
Pope Leo III crowned him
Holy Roman Emperor.
Invasion of Vikings
• Vikings- “Norsemen”, Germanic peoples
from Scandinavia, Denmark, Norway,
Sweden.
– Raided and plundered Europe.
– Converted to Christianity
• Settled quarrels between tribes in Europe.
Feudalism
• Political system of local government based
on the granting of land in return for loyalty,
military assistance, and other services.
Feudal System Structure
• Lord- a noble, usually the king, who grants
land to lesser nobles.
• The grant of land is known as a fief
• The person who received the fief is called a
vassal.
Feudal System Structure cont…
• The vassal could split the land and give it to
knights, a military person who was honored
by a noble.
– Lived by a code of Chivalry- a code of conduct
that dictated a knight’s behavior towards others.
• Lands granted to vassals would be passed
from father to son.
– This system of inheritance is known as
primogeniture.
The Manorial System
• Manor- a giant estate of land. Has a
castle, farming fields, church, mill and
housing.
• Manorialism- economic system that
revolved around self-sufficient farming
estates where lords and peasants shared
lands.
• Peasants were called serfs. They could
not leave the land w/o permission from
their lords.
Three-Field System
• Crop rotation used to keep the soil fertile
and not over used.
• Field A would be used only during Autumn
for wheat and rye.
• Field B would be used for everything else
• Field C was left alone to regain nutrients.
• Rotation- Field A is used for everything,
Field B is left alone and Field C is used in
Autumn.
Warm-Up
• What is the system of inheritance
called when land is passed from
father to son(s)?
The Church
• Monasticism- way of life in convents and
monasteries where nuns and monks
withdraw from the world and its
temptations.
• Monasteries- where monks would live to
worship. No women.
• Convents- where nuns would live to
worship. No men.
The Christian Clergy
• Secular Clergy- priests, bishops and the
Pope.- People who preached
• Regular Clergy- Monks.- People who
follow the rules.
• Saint Patrick- brought Christianity to
Ireland in 432 AD.
• Saint Augustine- led group of monks to
England. Becomes Archbishop of
Canterbury, the center of the Christian
Church in England.
Political Role
• The church had it’s on laws called canon laws,
laws based off teachings from the Bible.
• The church could excommunicate someone,
essentially kicking them out of society.
• No one could question the church on the basic
principles of religion.
• People who denied the truth of the church’s
principles or who preached beliefs not approved
by the church were considered heretics.
Church Tensions Rise
• In early 1200s, people start turning against
the church’s authority.
• The church launched a reform and sent
out the Inquisition in search of heretics.
• Heretics captured if confessed sins would
pay a fine. Either money or service
• Heretics captured that did not confess
would be punished through slavery or
execution.
England vs. France
• In Europe before the 1000s, kings and lord
often struggled for power.
• Edward the Confessor- king of England,
1042. Part Anglo-Saxon (English). Part
Norman (French).
• After his death, Duke William of
Normandy, a distant relative, claims
English throne.
Warm-Up
• People who preached beliefs not
approved by the church were called
what?
England vs. France cont…
• Anglos don’t like this claim, believe that
Edward’s bro-n-law, Harold, should be
king.
• William builds up army and crosses
English Channel.
William the Conqueror
• Defeats Harold at the
Battle of Hastings in
October 1066.
• Becomes King William I
of England
• William ruled England
from 1066-1087.
England after William
• William’s successors try to add new rules
and laws.
• Nobles get upset with the actions of these
successor kings.
• Revolt between the king and the nobles
break out in 1215.
King John
•
Demanded more taxes
from nobles to pay for
his wars in France.
• Nobles rise up and
force him to accept the
Magna Carta.
– It granted rights and
protection to the
nobles from the king’s
abuses of power.
Parliament
• Nobles and middle class got together to
actions against the king in 1260s.
• These two classes decided on
representatives to make negotiations with
the king.
• English Parliament- split into two houses.
– House of Lords- nobles and clergy
– House of Commons- knights and middle class
citizens.
Gain of Power
• State governments in France & England
gain more power.
– Loss of Church authority
The Holy Roman Empire
• Clashes between Germany and Italy took
place around 1050s.
• Henry IV vs. Pope Gregory VII
– Pope called German people to rebel against
Henry IV.
• *The nation of the Holy Roman Empire
established by an uneasy alliance
between Roman Catholic Church and
German Italian nobles.
Warm-Up
• What is the name of the document
signed by King John in 1215?
Book Assignment
• Chapter 13 Review: Page 314
• Identifying People and Ideas
– Identify the terms
• Understanding Main Ideas
– Answer all questions in Sections 1-5
• Write in complete sentences
• Incomplete sentences, no credit
• *Due today, 11/5/2014 at the end of class.
Warm-Up
• What is the name of the Empire
created by the Roman Catholic
Church and German/Italian nobles?
The Crusades
• Late 1000s, Islamic Turks take control of
Palestine, “the Holy Land”.
– Jerusalem, Antioch, Damascus
• Pope Urban II called for all capable
knights to fight in the name of God to take
back the lands.
• The Crusades- a series of military
expeditions to regain the Holy Land.
First Crusade
•
•
•
•
Lasted from 1096-1099
Mostly French and Italians
Successfully capture Jerusalem
Established European control over the
Holy Lands for 100 years.
• Turks eventually win back lands
Second Crusade
• In 1147, French and German crusaders try
to take back Holy Land.
• They are defeated by the Turks.
Third Crusade
• 1187, Muslim leader Saladin gained
control of Jerusalem.
• Armies led by French, Germans and
English launch attack on Saladin.
– King Richard 1 of England
• Richard the Lionheart
• Crusade lasted from 1189-1192.
• It failed.
Fourth Crusades
• Pope Innocent III sends French crusaders
in 1202.
• Venetians talk crusaders to attack their
trade enemy at the city of Zadar.
• Pope Innocent III excommunicates these
crusaders because Zadar is a Christian
city.
Results
• Main goal- take back the Holy Land for
Christians.
– Failed!
• Lords sold land to fight in crusades, most
died.
– Leaves King with more land = more power.
• *Re-opened trade routes in
Mediterranean. Especially in Italy.
– New ideas reached Europeans from Muslims
Warm-Up
• The series of military expeditions to
regain the Holy Lands are known as
what?
Warm-Up
• What nation/country was created
during the reign of Charlemagne?