Transcript Middle-Agesx

•CHARLEMAGNE
•FEUDALISM AND MANORIALISM
•THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH
•THE GROWTH OF ROYAL POWER
•HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE
•THE CRUSADES
•MEDIEVAL LEARNING
•ECONOMIC EXPANSION
•A TIME OF CRISIS
• The Germanic tribes that defeated Rome weren’t able
to set up a strong government
• Each tribe had its own leader who set up his own
kingdom
• Franks – one of the most important groups who were
Christians and ruled present day France
• The Franks most powerful leader was Charlemagne
(800 C.E.)
• The pope made him protector of the Church and ruler
of the Holy Roman Empire
• The Catholic Church became more and more important
in the life of the people of Europe
• The 500 years after the Western Roman
Empire fell became known as the Dark Ages
• Trading decreased – very little trading
occurred
• If it hadn’t been for the Catholic Church, very
little of the learning of Greece and Rome
would have been saved
• Great military leader
• Christian emperor
• Wanted a united Christian
empire
• Emphasized education
• Extended Christian civilization
• Blended German, Roman, and
Christian traditions
• Set up an efficient government
WHAT IS IT?
• A loosely organized system of government in
which local lords governed their own lands
but owed military service and other support
to a greater lord
• Little communication and no strong central
government
WHY DID FEUDALISM EMERGE?
• Kings were not strong enough
• They did not exercise much power
KING
LORDS
LESSER LORDS - VASSALS
KNIGHTS
SERFS
• Medieval life revolved
around the manor (a
lord’s estate), which
became the primary
source of local
agricultural production
• Peasants, knights and
lords were tied together
by mutual rights and
obligations
• Serfs were peasants who
were bound to the land
LORDS
SERFS
• Economic system – Manorialism
• Life on the manor was characterized by
farming/agriculture and self-sufficiency
• Peasants made up the majority of the population
and lived and worked on the land; if they got
married they had to pay the lord a fee(grain,
honey, eggs, or chickens)
• In return, peasants had the right to farm several
acres for themselves
• Three-field system – method used for farming by
peasants
THREE-FIELD SYSTEM
EVERYDAY LIFE
• Christians attend
village churches
• Some priests run
schools in village
churches
• All Christians pay
taxes to the Church
POWER OF CHURCH
• Pope leads Roman
Catholic Church
• Church has its own
laws and courts
• Church
excommunicated
those who did not
obey rules
NUNS AND MONKS
• Some set up
housing, hospitals,
and schools for the
sick and poor
• Some become
missionaries
• Some preserve
learning
REFORM
• Church becomes rich
and powerful
• Some clergy become
corrupt
• Reformers try to
make changes
• In the 1050’s, the Seljuk Turks invaded the Byzantine
Empire and conquered Palestine. The pope called for
Europeans to rescue the Holy Land from the Turks. For 200
years, thousands of knights fought religious wars called the
Crusades. In the end, the Crusaders failed to regain the
Holy Land.
SELJUK TURKS (MUSLIMS )
INVADE THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE,
SPECIFICALLY PALESTINE. THIS IS
THE START TO THE CRUSADES!
THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE AFTER THE
MUSLIM INVASIONS…
CAUSES
•People want to free the Holy Land from Seljuk control
•Many people want to get rich and gain new land
•Some people want to see new places
EFFECTS
•Trade increases
•People of different religions grow to hate each other
•Popes & kings BOTH become more powerful
•Europeans become interested in traveling
•People learn about other cultures
•The Crusades helped to speed up changes in Europe and to
open it up to new ideas.
• The Crusades brought changes and caused Europeans to
learn more about the Middle East and Asia
HIGH MIDDLE AGES – 1000 – 1450
DURING THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES, EUROPEAN
MONARCHS STRENGTHENED THEIR POWER
BY CENTRALIZING GOVERNMENT AND
DEVELOPING TIES TO THE MIDDLE CLASS.
Domesday Book: the results of the census in 1086, that
listed every castle, field, and pigpen in England and was
used to build an efficient system of tax collecting
Common Law: laws in England that were the same for all
people
Model Parliament: assembly that was called together in
England including representatives from the “common
people”; set up the framework for England’s legislature
Estates General: governmental body set up in France in
1302; had representatives from France’s three classes
Magna Carta: rebellious lords forced the English
King John to sign this document, which gave
feudal rights that shaped government
traditions in England; it asserted that nobles
had certain rights and that the king must obey
the law, protected the legal rights of people,
and forbade the king from raising taxes
without first consulting the Great Council
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KINGS IN ENGLAND
Decide who can build
castles and where
Force vassals to obey
them
Establish common law so
that people are treated
the same
Collect records of who
owns land
•
•
•
•
KINGS IN FRANCE
Make throne hereditary
Become allies with the
Church
Organize army
Take French lands from
English king
• Add to their lands
• Set up centralized
government
• Collect taxes
• Create royal treasury
• Set up royal courts and
royal law
• A loose federation of
mostly German states,
headed by an emperor
elected by the princes
• Holy Roman Emperors
were unable to unite
these states into one
unified Germany
because of constant
struggles between the
nobility and the Roman
Catholic Church
CONFLICTS
• Holy Roman Emperors
and the pope fought
over land in Italy
RESOLUTIONS
• The pope and his allies
defeat the emperor
• Emperors and popes
both want to choose
church officials
(bishops)
• Compromise: the Pope
spiritually appointed
bishops, and then the
Emperor granted papal
appointed bishops land
CLUNIAC REFORMS
• After much conflict between popes and Holy
Roman Emperors, the Cluniac Reforms
separated the two powers.
CONCORDAT OF WORMS
• A document stating that only the Church had
the power to elect officials
During the High Middle Ages, Europe’s economy
grew. Cities and towns expanded, and a middle class
arose. The growth of towns and the agricultural
revolution transformed the way that people lived.
AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION
•Increase in food production
leads to population growth.
A larger population needs
more goods so trade
increases.
COMMERCIAL REVOLUTION
•More trade requires new
ways of doing business. A
middle class of merchants,
traders, and craftspeople
grows. As centers of trade
increase, towns and cities
get bigger.
The Late Middle Ages was a period of decline in Europe,
marked by disease, corruption, and war.
FAMINE
PROBLEMS IN THE CHURCH
• People resent rich clergy
• Crops fail
• People starve
• Church cannot comfort
people during plague
• Reformers demand change
HUNDRED YEARS WAR
• 1337 – 1453
• English king wants to be
the king of France
• Both England and France
both want French land
• They fight for more than
100 years
• France defeats England
BLACK DEATH
• Bubonic plague spreads
from Asia to Europe
(through rats)
• One in three people die
• Society and economy fall
apart