Transcript 622 Islam calendar year 1

The Post Classical Era ~600-1450 CE
• Expansion and Intensification of
Communication and Exchange Networks
• Continuity and Innovation of State Forms and
their Interactions
• Increased Economic Productive Capacity and
its Consequences
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476 Roman Empire falls in W. Europe
527 Justinian becomes Byzantine Emperor
537 Completion of the Hagia Sophia
570-632 Muhammad [622 Islam calendar year 1]
610-635 Quran is compiled
638 Arabs conquer Jerusalem
751-1258 Abbasids take power move capital to Baghdad
800 Charlemagne crowned “Holy Roman Emperor”
860 Cyrillic Alphabet in the land of the Kievan Rus
1000 Chinese invent gunpowder
1066 William the Conqueror invades England (end of Anglo-Saxon England)
1099 Crusades begin – 1st– Crusaders take Jerusalem
1204 Crusaders take Constantinople
1215 King John signs Magna Carta
1258 Fall of Baghdad & Abbasid Dynasty to Mongol invasion
1279 Song Dynasty Falls to Mongol Invasion
1348 Black Plague strikes Europe
1378-1417 Great Schism
1453 Fall of Constantinople and the Byzantine Empire to the Ottoman Empire
Key Dates
The
Middle
Ages
~ 5001400-ish
AD
The Middle Ages
• Aka the “Medieval Period” or “The Dark Ages”
– ~AD 500-1400
• Political Development
– Western Europe in chaos after fall of Rome
• Church provides only stability
• Semi literate
– Conflict and settlement
• Tribal chieftains replace earlier Roman governors
• Germanic people identified with an extended familynot a state or kingdom
• Warriors bound to chief through loyalty oaths- in return
they receive food, shelter, and weapons
• People eventually settled on estates where the leaders
provided protection in exchange for free labor
A Time of Obligations
– Feudalism
• A complex system of political and military loyalties that linked
lords together . Greater lords provided protection and aid to lesser
lords (vassals) who in return provided military service.
– Manorialism
• An economic system in which peasants (serfs) were tied to the
land to supply agricultural labor for their lords
Political Development, continued
• The FRANKS
– Organized a series of Germanic kingdoms through
conquest
• CLOVIS ruled from AD481-511 converted to Christianity
• CAROLINGIANS– Provided needed protection from the VIKINGS
– Charlemagne (Charles the Great) Crowned “Holy Roman
Emperor” by the Pope (Leo III) in 800ad
» Effective military ruler
» Effective organizer
» HRE fragments after his death
Coronation of Charlemagne
• Note taking strategy
•Technological/Agricultural
developments
–Mold Board
–Horse collar
–Stirrups (more of a military
application)
–>> Disturbances
»Viking Raids into northern Europe
Alcuin (735-804)
• "Either this is the beginning of greater
tribulation, or else the sins of the
inhabitants have called it upon them.
Truly it has not happened by chance, but
it is a sign that it was well merited by
someone. But now, you who are left,
stand manfully, fight bravely, defend the
camp of God."
Power & Organization in the Medieval Church
• For several centuries, Secular rulers
depended on the Pope for legitimacy
• Hierarchy:
Pope
Bishops
regional authority
Abbots
Head of Monastery
(Abbess; Nunnery)
Priests
assigned to local churches
Missionaries
Wandering orders
of Monks
Religious & Political Developments
• 1054 The Great Schism
• Papal Authority
– Who gets to appoint Church officials (Investiture) in
locations far away from the Church?
– Twisting secular arms
• Excommunication
• The Interdict
• William the Conqueror and England;
• 1066 & the Battle of Hastings
• Introduces feudalism abruptly
• Magna Carta; 1215
– ???
• The Crusades
• Roman Catholicism
Separation between
political and religious
leaders
Eastern Orthodoxy
Union between
political and religious
leaders
Religious art conveys
Jesus as suffering
for the sins of mankind
Religious art conveyed
Jesus as Majestic and
Divine
Priests could not marry
Priests may marry
Gothic Architecture
Architecture inspired by Rome
(Arches & domes )
Theology less influenced by Greeks
Pope = Papa “Father”
Universal leader
Theology more influenced by Greeks
Patriarch = Father (regional by
nation, today)
Different dates for holidays, some different saints, et.al.
Economic Developments
• Venice and Genoa– Supplied the Crusades
• Guilds
– Professional associations of people in the
same trade
– Price and wage fixing, regulated quality &
lobbied for their interests
• The Hanseatic League
– Northern Europe
• Banking and Trade
– Usury
• Jewish people and “pogroms”
Culture and the Arts
• “Carolingian Renaissance”
– Scriptoria
• Scholasticism
– Reconciliation of Christian values with logical reasoning
of Greek philosophy
• Vernacular Languages
– Canterbury Tales
– The Divine Comedy
• Architecture
– Gothic
• The Arts
– Religious