Transcript Charlemagne`s Empire Collapses

Periodization
Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000
High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1250
Late Middle Ages: 1250 - 1500
Roman Empire Collapses
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Officially in 476
No Roman Government
No protection from invading Barbarians
Results:
– Collapse of trade and towns
– Loss of literacy
Byzantine Empire
•
Geographically
– Not much different than that of the
old Roman Empire at is greatest
extent
– Only thing different is the capital
moves from Rome to
Constantinople
– Peninsula – surrounded almost
totally by water
– Controlled shipping between Black
and Mediterranean Seas
– Natural Harbors, Natural
Crossroad for trade
– Wealthiest part of Roman Empire
Justinian
• Eastern Roman Emperor (527)
• Most important contribution:
– Codification of Roman Law (Code of
Justinian)
– The Body of Civil Law
– Law code is used in West and becomes
basis for the European legal system
Justinian & Theodora
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• Wife of Justinian
• Served as major
adviser to husband
• Other Plans:
– Mobile Military
– New Military strategies
and tactics
– Mix Greek culture and
Roman Law
Church Problems
• Five churches: Antioch, Constantinople,
Jerusalem, Alexandria, and Rome
• Ideas that caused Problems:
– Authority: Pope (Bishop of Rome) claims
authority over every church
– Language of services: West (Latin), East
(Vernacular – language of the region)
– Use of Icons (symbols representing religious
figures): West – Uses Icon, East: no Icons
Break in the Christian Church
1054
Roman Catholic Church
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Eastern Orthodox Church
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Differences
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Roman Catholic
Pope
Services in Latin
Uses icons
Crosses themselves
from left to right
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Eastern Orthodox
Patriarch
Services in the
vernacular
Little use of icon
Cross themselves
from right to left
Frankish Leaders
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• Clovis
– First of Frankish leaders
to convert to Christianity
• Pepin II
– Rules from 687-714
– Continues to unite
Frankish kingdom
Frankish Leaders
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• Charles Martel
– Defeated Tariq and
the Moors (Spanish
Muslims) at the
Battle of Tours in
732
– Stops Islam invasion
into Europe
– Who was the
Greatest of all
Frankish Rulers?
Charlemagne: 768 to 814
• Rules from 768-814
• Greatest of all Frankish
rulers
• Builds tremendous
empire
• Spends most of life at
war
• Declared “Emperor of
the Romans” by Pope,
December 25, 800
Charlemagne
• Man: Athletic, well-spoken, charismatic, married 4 times
• Administrator: Delegated authority to nobles, Kept local
laws in areas conquered, districts, Missi Dominici
(Messengers of lord king)
• Conqueror: aggressive Warrior, Strengthens Frankish
Military
• Patron of Learning: Revived classical studies, Preserved
Latin Culture, Monastic and Palace schools
Importance of Charlemagne
• United most of Western Europe for first
time since fall of Roman Empire
• Set up an efficient government
• Emphasized education
Charlemagne’s Empire Collapses:
Treaty of Verdun, 843
What become of
Charlemagne’s Empire?
Charles the Bald > France
Louis the German >
Germany
Lothair > Rhineland (AlsaceLorraine) – Germany and
France will go to war over
area many times
New Barbaric Invaders
• Vikings –
- from Northern Europe and
•
Scandinavia
- also called Norsemen
- Most fishermen/farmers
- Very skilled in navigation
- Led numerous raids into
England, France, Kiev, and
Constantinople
- Used swords, spears, axes,
and shields in battle
- Sold captives into slavery
• Magyars
- invaded from the east
- fierce warriors, fought on
horseback
- nomadic, at first
- raids eventually crushed
Muslims
- Invaded from Northern Africa
- Tried to take Spain
- Changed tactics from large
invasions to small raids
- Raided Rome and stopped trade
with Byzantine Empire
- Forced Popes to turn to Franks
(France) for help
Invasions Cease around 1000
Reasons
1. Europeans find new and quicker ways
to respond to guerilla attacks
2. Vikings (all invaders) gradually accept
Christianity
3. Warmer climate allowed barbarians to
stay home (Scandanavia/Greenland)
Feudalism
A political, economic, and
social system based on
loyalty and military service.
Medieval life is built around war and military
service
Feudal Contract
• Based on relationship between the lord and the
vassal
• Public ceremony
Lords & Vassals
Lords
– Mostly Nobles
– Ruled and protected
people
– Controlled land
– Had own coinage
– Collected taxes
– Subordinates had to
provide military system
– Built and lived in
fortresses (castles)
– Played war games as
well as fought battles
Vassals
• Served higher lord in
exchange for land and
protection
• Raised own army
• Made payments (taxes)
to lords
– Daughter’s marriage
– Ransoms
– Sons knighted
Castles
• Lived in by nobles
• Stone walls w/
lookouts
• Moats
• Drawbridges and iron
gates
• Self sufficient
Role of Women
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• Kept house
• Had and raised
babies
• Made cloth
• Defense of the home
The Road to Knighthood
KNIGHT
SQUIRE
PAGE
Knights
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• Followed CODE OF
CHIVILRY
– Honor the following:
• Heavenly lord
• Earthly lord
• Chosen lady
• Progression of
Knighthood
– Age 7- trained as page
– Age 15 – trained as squire
– Dubbed as knight when
ready to be a worthy fighter
Chivalry
• Code of Honor, Ethics,
and Behavior
for Knights
– Defend Church and
defenseless
– Treat captives as honored
guests
– Fight only for Glory (not
reward)
• Why has the proper
treatment of women
been seen as
chivalrous?
Battle of Hastings
• 1066 – Norman Conquest
• William of Normandy defeats King Harold of
England
• William Crowned king: Merges French
and English culture, takes first census,
Doomsday Book, (included people, manors, and
farm animals)
Evolution of England’s Political System
 Henry I:
 William’s son.
 set up a court system.
 Exchequer  dept. of royal finances.
 Henry II:
 established the principle of common law
throughout the kingdom.
 grand jury.
 trial by jury.
Magna Carta, 1215
 King John I
 Runnymeade
 “Great Charter”
 monarchs were not
above the law.
 kings had to
consult a council of
advisors.
 kings could not tax
arbitrarily.
The Beginnings of the British Parliament
 Great Council:
 middle class merchants, townspeople
were added at the end of the 13c.
 eventually called Parliament.
 by 1400, two chambers evolved:
o House of Lords  nobles & clergy.
o House of Commons  knights and
burgesses.
Medieval Universities
Rise of Universities
• First university located in Balogna,
Italy
• Women were unable to attend first
universities
• Other universities: Paris, Oxford
• Approximately 80 universities by
1500
What do universities teach?
• Grammar, math, rhetoric, logic, arithmetic, geometry,
music, and astronomy
• Used Lecture (“to read”) method of teaching…Why?
• No exams after a series of lectures
• Application for degree = oral exam by committee of
teachers (4 or 6 years of study)
• 1st Degree = Bachelors, 2nd Degree = Masters
• Could then study: law, medicine, or theology (study of
religion and God) = may take 10 years or more to
earn a doctorate
Life as a Monk
• Withdraw from society and temptations
• Serve God through fasting, prayer, and
self- denial
• Inflicted suffering on themselves to gain
closer relationship with God
Influential Monks
• St. Benedict
– Benedictine Rules of monastic
behavior
– Vows of Poverty and Obedience
– Time and labor went to monastery
• St. Patrick
– Brought Christianity to
Ireland
• St. Augustine
– Brought Christianity to
England
A Medieval Monk’s Day
Political Definitions of the
Church
• Canon Law – law of the Catholic Church
• Excommunication – expel from the church
• Interdict – Stop administrating of sacraments
in a whole region
• Heretics / Heresy – people who have false
teaching of the church
Holy Roman Empire
• Will last hundreds of years
• Very little accomplished because:
– Weakened by internal division
– Rise of other European powers
– Ambitions of local nobles
• Power of Holy Roman Emperor
declines to mere figurehead
• Creates a close and lasting tie
between Germany and Italy
Problems of the Church
• Lay investiture – church offices being
given to non-clergy
• Simony – buying of church offices by
nobles
• Role of church in everyday affairs of
the people
• Forcing Catholicism on non-Catholics
Henry IV
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• Gains throne in 1056
at age of 6
• Youth seen as
weakness – German
nobles as well as
Pope sees
opportunity to regain
control
• Conflict breaks out
over…………
New Religious Orders
• Cistercians: formed in 1098, by unhappy
Benedictine monks: strict, simple diet, single
robe, took religion outside monastery
• Franciscans: founded by Saint Francis of Assisi:
vow of poverty, preached repentance, simple life,
lived in the world
• Dominicans: founded by Dominic de Guzman;
defend Church from heresy, need for spiritual
revival, vows of poverty
Lay Investiture
• Practice of giving of church offices by
kings and nobles
• Conflict breaks out over issue
– Pope Gregory VII releases Germans from their
allegiance to Henry IV
– Pope Gregory VII excommunicates Henry
– Henry fearing rebellion ask Gregory for mercy
• Goes to Pope’s winter home in Canossa
• Gregory makes him wait in freezing cold – forgives
him
Concordat of Worms
• Takes place in 1122
• Issue of Lay Investiture answered
– Limits power of Emperor – could appoint
Bishop for fiefs
– Pope had to appoint Bishops with
spiritual power
How do we deal with heretics?
• The Inquisition
– Holy Office
– Find and try heretics
– Often used Dominicans as examiners
– If found guilty:
• Forced to perform public penance acts
• Subject to punishments (flogging)
• No confession = execution
The Power of the Medieval Church
 Control 1/3 of the land.
 Limit feudal warfare  only 40
days a year for combat.
 curb heresies (speaking out against
church)  crusades; Inquisition
 tithe  1/10 tax on your assets given to
the church.
 Peter’s Pence  1 penny per person
[paid by the peasants].
Christian Crusades
• Purpose: Liberate Holy Land from the
infidels (non-believers), the Muslims
• 1096 - Pope Urban II calls on Christians to
start Crusades
• First Crusades: French warriors push east;
take Holy City from Muslims in 1099,
citizens massacred in process
• Second Crusade: 1140’s, Muslims taking
power back – French and German leaders
try to push out Muslims (Absolute failure);
Leaders during Third Crusade
• Frederick Barbarossa (Germany), Richard the
Lionhearted (England), Phillip II Augustus (France)
• 1187 – Muslim leader Saladin, a Muslim, takes
Jerusalem
• 1189: Problems encountered:
– Barbarossa drowns while swimming
– France and England successful at sea, but failed as they
moved inland
– Phillip retreats home, Richard I signs truce with Saladin
– Christians can still go to Jerusalem
Late Crusades
• Pope Innocent III – calls for 4th Crusade
• Constantinople taken in 1204 by
Crusaders, eventually lost in 1261 when
Byzantine Empire is revived
• Other Crusades follow, including a
Children’s Crusade; 1,000,000 + dead
Christian Crusades: East and West
Effects of Crusades
• Trade increased because of the need for
weapons, food, and other supplies
• Muslim Culture and faith spreads
• Kings gain power (so they can prevent
rebellions and other problems)
• Jews are persecuted
Agricultural Changes
• Population increases  Food Production
Increases
• Why did food production rise?
– Climate change
– Land could be cultivated
– Technological innovations were made
• Carruca (plow)
• Shift from two-field to three-field system: only 1/3 of
land lay fallow instead of 1/2
– Manorial System
• Agricultural estate ran by a lord ond worked by
peasants/serfs
Two-Three Field System
Field One
1st year – Fallow
2nd year – Crop 1
Field One
1st year – Crop 1
2nd year – Crop 2
3rd year - Fallow
Field Two
Field Two
1st year – Crop
2nd year – Fallow
1st year – Crop 2
2nd year – Fallow
3rd year – Crop 1
Field Three
1st year – Fallow
2nd year – Crop 1
3rd year – Crop 2
Agricultural Changes
• Cycle of Labor
– The peasants cycle of labor explained
peasants job tasks each month of the year
• Medieval diet
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–
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Bread (w/ barley, millet, and oats)
Cheese
Nuts, berries, fruits, grains
Wine
Four Basic Rights of
Townspeople
1. Freedom – Anyone lived in town for a
year and a day was free, including serfs
2. Exemption – Any townspeople were
exempt from working on a manor
3. Town Justice – Towns had their own
courts
4. Commercial privileges – Townspeople
could trade freely in the town market but
outsiders would be taxed
Major Cities
Italy
Northern
Europe
Hanseatic
League
Genoa
Pisa
Venice
Kiev
Flanders
Bruges
Ghent
Breman
Hamburg
Lubeck
Medieval Guilds
Guild Hall
 Commercial Monopoly:
 Controlled membership
apprentice  journeyman  master craftsman
 Controlled quality of the product [masterpiece].
 Controlled prices
Benefits of Guilds
1. Set wages and pay
2. Set standards of quality
3. Sick pay for members –
Benevolence packages
Frederick I (Barbarossa)
www.bredalsparken.dk/~soren-kretzschmer/Frederick_Barbarossa.jpg
• Rules from 1152 – 1190
• Also called the Red
Beard
• Wanted to control traderich northern Italy
(Lombardy)
• City-states of Lombardy
unite to form Lombard
League to stop invasion
of Frederick
Battle of Legnano
www.threemonkeysonline.com/images/articles/legnano.jpg
• Takes place on May
29, 1176
• Lombard League
takes on Frederick
and his forces in
Legnano
• Victory for the
Lombard League
Italy divided into three regions
• Northern Italy – Lombard League
• Central Italy – Papal States
• Southern Italy – controlled by Sicily
Attempts to unite Italy and Germany into one
empire failed
Pope Innocent III
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• Pope from 1198-1216
• Saw rulers of Europe
as servants of the
church
• Had major conflict
with King John
– Places interdict on
England
• Closed churches and
withheld sacraments
Philip IV
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02.html
• To control church goes as
far as arresting Pope
Boniface II
• After Boniface’s death
(under somewhat
questionable
circumstances) will
influence the election of
Clement V
• Moves papacy to France
causing
The Great Schism
• The Pope, Clement V, supposedly
fearing violence in Rome moves
Papacy to Avignon, France
• Rome then selects another Pope,
creating two – will eventually have
three
• Council of Constance forced all three
to resign and appoints one