Transcript Western Europe Revives 1000-1200 CE

World History:
The Earth and its Peoples
Chapter 9
Christian Europe Emerges,
300 - 1200 C.E.
Objectives
• Understand the political and economic development of Western
Europe during the medieval period and be able to undertake a
critical analysis of the term “feudalism.”
• Be able to explain the development and the significance of Roman
Catholic dogma, the hierarchical system of the Roman church, and
the monastic movement.
• Be able to compare the medieval Western society, politics, culture,
and religion with those of the Byzantine Empire.
• Understand the respective roles of the Varangians, Vladimer I, and
the Byzantine Empire in the rise of the Kievan state.
• Be able to discuss the possible causes of the European recovery
of 1000-1200.
• Be able to explain the causes of the Crusades and discuss their
consequences in Europe and the Middle East.
Early Medieval Europe
Roman Decline - 5th century
– legal framework disappears
• rise of Germanic traditions
– family-based law
– political fragmentation
• loss of allegiance
• rise of local strongmen
– weak dependence on strong
Germanic Kingdoms
– Franks, Visigoths, Lombards
– Saxons and Angles
• competition for bishop of Rome
– Latin - priests and monks
• Linguistic zones
– Romance, Germanic, Slavic
Early Medieval Europe
Defending Medieval Europe
– Arabs / Berbers in Spain - 711
– Tours, France - 732
• Charles Martel - Carolingian
• Charlemagne - 800
– Roman Emperor
– Vikings - 8th - 9th centuries
• Scandinavian
• coastal towns
• Iceland, Greenland, Vinland
– William the Conqueror
• Normandy Invasion - 1066
– Angles-Saxons
Early Medieval Europe
Economy
• urban to village base
• bartering replaces coin
currency
• trade languishes
• local self-sufficiency
– manors
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primary agricultural centers
lords and serfs
work for protection
varied from region to region
• literacy replaced by ‘small
traditions’
Early Medieval Society
Mounted Horsemen
– stirrups; body armor
– heavy, grain-fed horses
– hereditary nobility
• fief
• vassals
– knighthood limited to land
revenue
• Noblewomen
– own and inherit property
• administer husband’s estate
– enmeshed in feudal obligations
• valued property
– no choice in marriage
The Western Church
European Jurisdiction
– West: Pope (papacy)
– East: Patriarch of Constantinople
• Challenges
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disagreement over regulations
clergy marriage
pagan worship
trained clergy
• Structure
– patriarchates - 5
• Jerusalem, Antioch, Alexandria
• appoint bishops; church rules
– penitentials
• guide for penance of sins
The Western Church
Holy Trinity
– Jesus, God, Holy Trinity
• Mary’s relationship
• precise form of sacraments
• iconic images
– heresy
• schism
• Monophysite doctrine - E
– divinity of Jesus Christ
• Arianism - W
– Jesus as lesser divinity
– orthopraxy
• correct practices
– orthodoxy
• correct beliefs
Politics and Church
Holy Roman Empire - 962
– confederation of German princes
– represent Christian interests
• Debate
– investiture controversy
• who appoints bishops
• popes versus emperors
– Emperor’s weapon
• deposition
– Pope’s weapon
• excommunication
• 3 legal traditions
– Germanic custom (feudal law)
– Christian (canon law)
– Roman law
Monasticism
Monasticism
– celibacy and obedience; poverty
– living apart from society
– devotion to prayer
• Most Important Impact
– communal living and prayer
• monks or nuns
• regular versus secular clergy
• Rule of Benedict
• Separation of church / state
• Features
– literacy and silence
– reshaping of Roman society
Byzantine Empire
Roman Empire - 300 CE
– continued pattern of Roman rule
– caesaropapism
• the imperial with the papal
• all-powerful Christian monarchs
– prevented breakup of empire
Legacy
– Corpus Juris Civilis
• Justinian - 527 - 565 CE
• basis for civil law in the West
– Architectural
• Hagia Sophia
– Writing
• Cyrillic
Byzantine Empire
Decline - 1200 CE
– military weakness
• Sasanids, Huns, Goths
– 300 years with Persia
• Muslims - 2/3 of empire
– 7th century on
– Western Europe
• schism between East and West
– formal disagreements over
church doctrine
• sack of Constantinople - 1204
Society and Urban Life
Economic Transformation - 700
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barter replaces money
decline in population / prosperity
local urban class disappears
family power rivals office holders
• technological development
– decreased steadily over time
Women
– increasingly confined to home
– veils; socialized with family
1204 - 1453
– loss in prestige to the West
– loss of most valuable provinces
Kievan Russia
Kiev
– Kiev and Novgorod
– Black Sea trade with Byzantine
• Vladimir I
– grand prince in 980
– chose Orthodox Christianity
• grandness of Constantinople
• Islam banned alcohol
– marriage of convenience
• Trade
– key to political power
Western Europe Revives
1000-1200 CE
• Technological Improvements
– draft harness
• horse as primary draft animal
• breeding of larger horses
– coulter blade plow
• shift from subsistence farming
– money-based exchange
economy
– doubling of population
• Italy and Flanders
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manufacturing and trade
freedom for serfs in cities
independent of feudal lords
abundant coinage from trade
The Crusades
Crusades - 1100-1200 CE
• Muslim control four centuries
– designed to recapture Jerusalem
• Christian pilgrims protected
• Battle of Manzikert - 1071
– religiously motivated
• Pope atonement of sins
– increase trade and land
• Italian merchants; young
knights
• Council of Clermont - 1095
– Pope Urban II
– call for First Crusade