Transcript Review - cue cards

After the Collapse of the Roman
Empire
• 476- Roman Empire fell and Europe split
into many small independent kingdoms
• Middle Ages: period after Rome fell &
Europe formed.
– Early Middle Ages (Dark Ages)
– Late Middle Ages
Feudalism
• Know chart
• Vassals: owed the lord military service in
exchange for land
• Fiefs: vast lands
• Serfs: peasants who are tied to the land
The Medieval Knight
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Warrior/noble, wore armour, rode on
horseback, sword and lance
Code of chivalry
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Behave honourably
Fight fairly
Defend Christianity
Treat noble prisoners well
Be generous to the poor
Respect and cherish ladies
Kingdom of the Franks
• Clovis: king who established the Frankish
Kingdom
• Charles Martel: Mayor of the Palace, in charge
of Frankish kingdom, alliance with the Roman
Catholic Church
• Charlemagne: grandson of Charles Martel’s,
increased the size of the Frankish Kingdom,
“Emperor of Romans”
• Carolingian Renaissance: Charlemagne set up
schools and libraries to revive learning and
literacy
Vikings
• Sailors from Norway, Sweden and
Denmark
• Leif Ericson: 1st to find Newfoundland
• Normandy: part of northern France the
Vikings took from the Franks
Britain
• Angles, Jutes, Saxons controlled Britain
• Canute: Danish king who took control of
England
• Norman Conquest: **1066**, William the
Conqueror conquered England
• Battle of Hastings: William defeated
Harold the Saxon king and took control of
England.
France
• Western part of the former Frankish
kingdom
• Hugh Capet: elected king of France
Holy Roman Empire
• Eastern part of the former Frankish
• Otto: king of Holy Roman Empire, “Holy
Roman Emperor”
• Holy Roman Empire: Germany and most
of Italy
Crusades
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Crusades: holy wars against the Muslim to regain Jerusalem,
launched by Pope Urban II
1st Crusade = 34 000 knights, success
2nd Crusade = failure
3rd Crusade = Saladin (Muslim Leader) vs. King Richard the
Lionheart (King of England and Christian leader); truce in the
end, Christian pilgrims allowed back in Jerusalem
4th Crusade = Venice attacks Constantinople, embarrassment
because both Christian cities
Results
1. Pope and Church highly esteemed
2. Kings more powerful b/c rivals dead
3. Eastern products introduced
Decline of Medieval Europe
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European society began to decline due
natural disaster and wars
1. Famines (1314-1317)
2. Hundred Years’ War
3. Black Death
Hundred Years’ War
• Series of conflicts that lasted more than 100 years
between England and France
• King Edward III of England claimed the French throne
and attacked France in 1337
• English many victories early b/c of long bow
• English close to winning and laid siege to Orleans in
1428
• English defeated at Orleans; French led by Joan of Arc
(17 year old peasant girl who said God told her to save
France, eventually burnt at the stake when captured by
English)
• At end of wars borders have barely changed from the
start
Black Death
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Population has tripled in Europe but several crises had
weakened the population (famines, war)
Black Death (1347-1351): ¼ to 1/3 died
Three Types:
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2.
3.
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Bubonic (transmitted by fleas with Y-pestis bacilli, enlarge
lymph nodes and buboes)
Pneumonic (in lungs)
Septicaemic (in bloodstream)
Effects: fewer workers = more jobs = higher pay
Medieval Theories on cause of Black Death
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2.
3.
Unusual planetary conjunction
God is angry
Minorities (Jews, Lepers, witches) poisoned the wells
Medieval Government
England
• Monarchy: gov’t headed by a king or queen
• Juries: group of men in each village had to swear a solemn oath
about the value of their property to the royal envoys of William
the Conqueror
• Domesday Book: every person, animal and piece of property
recorded for tax purposes
• Henry I: increased royal power by improving cash flow and royal
bureaucracy
• Magna Carta: “The Great Charter”, the barons force Kind John
to sign the document, limited the king’s power, king no longer
above the law
• Parliament: meetings of Great Council and later most citizens
represented, advised the king
Medieval Government continued…
France
• Hugh Capet: founded dynasty that would
last 300 years
• Estates General: French Parliament, no
real power
Holy Roman Empire
• Otto I: united duchies of Holy Roman
Empire
Religion in Medieval Europe
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Middle Ages = “Age of Faith”
Doctrines = church teachings
Roman Catholic Church very powerful (own gov’t, courts, laws,
lands, etc…)
Know chart
Excommunicate: remove someone from the religion
Inquisition: special court set up to investigate heretics (those who
disagreed or disobeyed church teachings), torture them to
renounce beliefs, if not burnt at the stake
Factors that led to the decline of the Church in the 13th and 14th
century
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4.
Fourth Crusade
Black Death
Babylon Captivity (Papacy moved to Avignon, France by Philip IV
where he elected a French pope – 70 years)
Great Schism (period where there were 2 and then 3 popes)
Reformation
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Religious movement in Europe that began with Roman Catholic
reforms and ended with the establishment of Protestant churches
in the 16th c (started in Germany)
Causes
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Babylon Captivity and Great Schism
Sale of church offices
Sale of indulgences
Extravagant Church spending
Difference in how church should be run
Martin Luther: leader, German monk who wrote 95 theses or
statements about his outrage with indulgences and Roman
Catholic Church
Luther’s ideas spread via the printing press (Gutenberg)
Pope excommunicated him but protected by German prince
Caused a split and Protestant church will begin to form in Europe
Renaissance
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A great revival of Classical (Greek and Roman)
art, literature and learning in Europe in 14th –
16th
Where: Florence and other Italian cities
Who: artists, writers, scholars and great
patrons who paid them
Philosophy: Humanism (focus on human
concerns and the Classics), see beauty in
human form, optimistic and creative
Renaissance men:
1. Michelangelo: “David” and Sistine Chapel
2. Da Vinci: “Mona Lisa” and “Last Supper”