Transcript File

THE SITUATION IN THE 17TH CENTURY
Spanish monarchy lost its dominant
power to the French
There was a change from a system
of authoritarian monarchy to one
of absolute monarchy
CHANGES IN THE
17TH CENTURY
OTHER CHANGES
THE TRIUMPH OF THE
MERCANTILE SYSTEM
AND
THE GROWTH OF THE MIDDLE
CLASS
Methods of knowledge were promoted leading to modern science
THIS METHODS WERE BASED ON
OBSERVATION AND REASON
In the arts the Renaissance was followed by a new style
THE INTERNATIONAL SITUATION
It started as a result of German conflict
between its emperor, a Catholic in
favour of uniting the remains of the
Holy Roman Empire, and the German
princes, who were Protestan and
wished to defend their autonomy.
THE FRANCOSPANISH WAR
1635-1659
THE THIRTY
YEARS´WAR
The conflict became international when
the Emperor obtained support form
Spain, while the princes were
supported by France, England,
Denmark, Sweden and Netherlands.
Spain and the Emperor were finally
defeated at the battle of Rocroi (1643).
"The Last Valley", is an intense
drama, starring
1618-1648
Michael Caine and Omar Sharif, set during war torn
Thirty Years War era Germany. (first part: 12´)
It began as part of the Thirty Years´
war. Spain was once more defeated
and signed the Treaty of the
Pyrenees .
This treaty marked the end of the
Spanish Hegemony and the
beginning of the French power
The thirty years´war
(5:20)
THE SITUATION OF THE SPANISH
MONARCHY
THERE WERE THREE KINGS THAT REIGNED DURING THE 17TH CENTURY
THE MINOR
HABSBURGS
PHILIP III
PHILIP IV
15981621
These monarchs had very weak
personalities and under them there was a
progressive political, demographic and
economic decline
16211665
CHARLES II
16651700
The Spanish monarchy, however, continued to
be a major international power, because it had
numerous possessions in Europe and huge
colonial empire in America, as well as some
enclaves in Asia
SEVENTEENTH CENTURY TIMELINE
EUROPE AFTER THE THIRTY YEARS´
WAR AND THE TREATY OF WESTFALIA
FORMS OF
GOVERNMENT
ABSOLUTISM
The theory of
the divine right
that was based
on the idea
that the king´s
power was
given to him by
God.
And they also
centralised the
administration:
concentrating
power and
decision-making
from the King´s
court.
The bill of rights… (4 ´)
THE ENGLISH
CIVIL WAR
THIS RESULTED ON
THE EXECUTION OF
KING CHARLES I. IT
WAS REPLACED BY A
PROTECTORATE
GOVERNMENT
THE GLORIOUS
REVOLUTION
1688
To stablish this control
the king adopted…
During the 17th century English Kings tried
to impose and absolute monarchy, but
Parliament´s power was too strong. The
confrontation between them provoked
two revolutions
1642-1651
IN THIS FORM OF GOVERNMENT THE KING
ASSUMED ALL THE POWER AND
GOVERNED WITHOUT CONSULTING THE
TRADITIONAL INSTITUTIONS OF THE STATE,
SUCH AS PARLIAMENT.
PARLAMIENTARIANISM
THE MONARCHY
WAS RESTORED IN
1660 BUT THEN A
NEW REVOLUTION
FORCED THE
ABDICATION OF
JAMES II AND THE
CROWNING OF
WILLIAN OF ORANGE
The new king signed The bill of rights that
limited the power of the kings and made them
responsibles to the parliament
Absolute versus Shared
DECREES
UNCOMPROMISING
CONSENSUAL
CONSIDERATION
CONDITIONAL
AGREED
Based on the division of words have students describe an Absolute
Monarchy and a Parliamentary/Constitutional Monarchy
Absolute
Shared
Coins – FD – Fidei DefensorEquality
– Defender of the Faith
Divine
Controlling
Uncompromising
Partial
Unlimited
Supportive
Listens
Laws
Consensual
Conditional
Agreed
Consideration
THEORISTS OF THE
FORMS OF
GOVERNMENT
ABSOLUTISM
PARLAMIENTARIANISM
JACQUES B.
BOUSSUET
JOHN
LOCKE
LOUIS XIV
THE SUN KING
LOUIS XIV OF FRANCE (16381715) IS THE BEST
EXAMPLE OF AN ABSOLUTE
MONARCH. HE WAS KNOWN
AS THE “SUN KING” AND
GOVERNED PERSONALLY
OVER FRANCE FROM HIS
COURT IN VERSAILLES.
HE CONTROLLED THE
LEGISLATIVE, EXECUTIVE
AND JUDICIAL POWER
HE BECAME THE MODEL TO
FOLLOW FOR ALL THE
EUROPEAN MONARCHS OF
THE TIME
Two minutes long about
versailles and louis xiv
EUROPEAN POPULATION AND SOCIETY
NOBILITY
THEY WERE AFFECTED BY
THE PROTESTANT
REFORMATION EXCEPT
IN CATHOLIC COUNTRIES
CLERGY
THE MIDDLE CLASS GREW IN
NUMBER AND POWER WHILE
FARMERS AND ARTISANS
REMAINED IN POVERTY
THIRD STATE
NOT
PRIVILEGED
THEY TRIED TO PLEASE
THE KING AND WERE
AFFECTED BY THE
AGRARIAN CRISIS
PRIVILEGED
GROUPS
EUROPE´S POPULATION
GREW VERY SLOWLY IN
THE 17TH CENTURY (106
TO ONLY 130)
CAUSES:
INTERMINABLE WARS
BAD HARVESTS
FREQUENT PLAGUE
EPIDEMICS
THE CRISIS IN AGRICULTURE AND CRAFTWORK
SOUTHERN AND
EASTERN EUROPE
SUFFERED A CRISIS
DUE TO THE BAD
CLIMATE, POOR
TECHNOLOGICAL
METHODS AND WARS
ENGLAND AND LOW
COUNTRIES ADOPTED
NEW TECHNIQUES
AND SELECTED
PLANTS BETTER
ADAPTED TO THE
ENVIRONMENT
LOST THEIR
IMPORTANCE AS
GUILDS DECLINED IN
FAVOUR OF OTHER
TYPES OF
CRAFTWORK
DOMESTIC
SYSTEM
MANUFACTURED
SYSTEM
FARMERS PRODUCED
DOMESTICALLY THE
CRAFTS THAT WERE
SOLD BY MERCHANTS
CRAFTS WERE
PRODUCED IN LARGE
WORKSHOPS WHERE
ARTISANS WORKED
FOR WAGES
EUROPAN ECONOMY IN THE 17TH CENTURY
IT FOLLOWED THE PRINCIPLES OF MERCANTILISM. ACCORDING TO
THIS THEORY THE WEALTH OF A COUNTRY IS MEASURED BY THE
AMOUNT OF PRECIOUS METALS IT POSSESSES. TO INCREASE THIS
AMOUNT THE STATE SHOULD DIRECTLY INTERVENE IN THE ECONOMY
AND LOOK FOR NEW MARKETS
STATE INTERVENTION TOOK
SEVERAL FORMS
ENCOURAGING
EXTERNAL
TRADE
PROMOTING
FORBIDDING THE
EXPORT OF RAW
MATERIALS
IMPOSING TAXES
ON FOREING
IMPORTS
NATIONAL
PRODUCTS
NEW MARKETS COULD BE
FOUND BY OCCUPYING NEW
TERRITORIES
WHERE EUROPEAN COUNTRIES
FOUND THE RAW MATERIALS AND
THEN THE COLONIES BOUGHT THE
MANUFACTURED PRODUCTS
EUROPAN ECONOMY IN THE 17TH CENTURY
MONOPOLIES WERE
ALSO CREATED
THESE WERE
PRIVILEGED
COMPANIES THAT
HAD EXCLUSIVE
RIGHT TO TRADE IN
ONE PRODUCT OR IN
ONE GEOGRAPHICAL
AREA
PRIMARILY ENGLAND, THE DUTCH REPUBLIC AND FRANCE ADOPTED
MERCANTILISM
Main Points of Mercantilism
• Economics as statecraft not analysis
• Tendency to see gold and “treasure” as constituting
national wealth
• Emphasis on balance of trade surpluses
• Emphasis on maximizing productivity and output
• Trade as a zero sum game
• Role of government in encouraging domestic
manufacturing and exports while minimizing
imports
• Link between money supply and prices
Two Ways to Increase
a Nations Wealth
• obtain as much gold and
silver as possible
• establish a favorable
balance of trade, in which it
sold more goods than in
bought
THE BOOM IN TRADE
TRADE SAW ENORMOUS
DEVELOPMENT, SPECIALLY
IN HOLLAND, ENGLAND
AND FRANCE
THESE COUNTRIES
MANAGED TO CREATE
THEIR OWN COLONIAL
EMPIRES
THEY INTRODUCED
THEIR GOODS INTO
THE PORTUGUESE
AND SPANISH
EMPIRES,
SUCCEEDING THEM
AS MAJOR TRADING
POWERS
TRIANGULAR TRADE
THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
IN THE 17TH CENTURY EMPIRICISM AND RATIONALISM
ESTABLISHED THE BASIS OF THE MODERN SCIENCE
1
EMPIRICISM
RATIONALISMM
WAS PROPOSED BY THE ENGLISH
PHILOSOPHER FRANCIS BACON,
WHO CREATED THE SCIENTIFIC
METHOD
DEVELOPED BY THE FRENCH
PHILOSOPHER RENÉ DESCARTES,
PROPOSED THE USE OF REASON
TO UNDERSTAND REALITY
2
OBSERVATION OF
REALITY SHOULD BE
THE FIRST STEP TO
FORMULATE A
SCIENTIFIC LAW
THEN,
EXPERIMENTS
SHOULD BE DONE
TO CHECK THE LAW
IS VALID
3 ONLY THEN A LAW
CAN BE STABLISHED
Understanding a “Paradigm Shift”
What is this?
Understanding a “Paradigm Shift”
What is this?
What else is this?
What had to happen to shift your
perspective?
“I see a bird.”
“I see a rabbit!”
Paradigm Shift
from The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962) by Thomas Kuhn
“Paradigm” = Greek word for
pattern
“Normal Science” = the standard
paradigm
“Anomalies” = things that cannot
be explained by normal science
“Paradigm Shift” = a new paradigm
is created to account for anomalies
The Joke About The Three Monks
The Joke About The Three Monks
Why are we, human beings, sometimes
so threatened by paradigm shifts?
CULTURAL SPLENDOUR
DESPITE THE CRISIS, THIS WAS A TIME OF CULTURAL SPLENDOUR,
BOTH IN SPAIN AND IN THE REST OF EUROPE
SHAKESPEARE
MILTON
CERVANTES
GÓNGORA
MOLIERE
RACINE
LOPE DE VEGA
QUEVEDO
DESCARTES
BACON
HOBBES
LOCKE
It experienced
significant growth.
The basic open-air
theatres (corral de
comedias)
recieved all social
classes
LITERATURE
SPAIN
THEATRE
PHILOSOPHY
LITERATURE
EUROPE
TRIANGULAR TRADE