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The Habsburg Dynasty
The dynasty of the “Austrias” has
this name because the family of the
Habsburg had its origin in Austria.
Carlos I’s father (Felipe el Hermoso)
belonged to that dynasty.
Carlos I of Spain and V of the HRE (1516-1556)
• He was born in Flanders.
• He inherited all Spain’s and Holy
Roman Empire (HRE) territories.
• When he first arrived in Spain,he
hardly spoke the Spanish language.
• He put many foreign nobles in the
most important government
positions.
• He spent lots of Castilian money in
wars and in his candidacy for
election as HRE.
Carlos´inheritance
European territories
Carlos V Empire
Carlos V – titles.
• Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire
• King of Spain
• King of Naples
• King of Sicily
• Archduke of Austria
• Lord of the Low Countries
Carlos V
• The government of such a big empire was not
easy:many different territories, with their own
laws and institutions demanded a big effort to
maintain.
• Carlos V did not have absolute power.
• He governed using councils like the Catholic
monarchs before him.
• His revenues came from taxes from Castilla and
precious metals from America.
• BUT he spent a lot of money on expensive wars to
preserve territories and influence.
The council system of government
KING
Ministerial
Councils
Advisory Councils
Military
orders
Inquisition
Crusades
Taxes
Council of
War
Council of
State
Territorial Councils
Castilla
Aragón
Carlos did not have absolute power.
He needed the approval from the Cortes
of each state.
Italy
Portugal
There was no one capital city – the court
moved around.
The Indies
Problems at home - Revolt of the Comuneros
(1520 – 1521)
• The comunidades were the
representative local communities during
the early Middle Ages.
• Carlos angered both Castilian urban
groups (taxes) and some Castilian
nobles (important positions in
government).
• The revolt started in Toledo and spread
to other cities, with the support of the
nobles in the beginning.
• They were fighting for the right of the
towns and local districts to control their
own affairs and choose their own Cortes
representatives.
Problems at home - Revolt of the Comuneros
(1520 – 1521)
•
As the middle and lower classes
became more prominent the
revolt became a fight for
economic and social reforms:
•
The urban upper classes and rural
hidalgos (low nobility) deserted.
•
An agreement with the nobles
allowed Carlos to defeat the
revolt in 1521.
•
Changes in the government were
introduced afterwards.
“Execution of the Comuneros of Castilla”, a painting by
Antonio Gisbert Pérez (1860). Oil on canvas.
Problems at home – Revolt of the Germanías
• The "Germania" was a militia brotherhood of lower-class volunteers
to help protect the Valencian coast against Muslim pirates.
• After an outbreak of the plague interpreted as punishment for
impiety, they started a bloody riot against Morisco peasants.
• When officials tried to intercede, the Germania took over the whole
city: the artisans wanted access to government office and the
peasants wanted better rental conditions.
•
Finally an army led by the nobles had to fight and crush the rebels.
“The peace of the Germanias”, a painting by Marcelino de
Unceta (19th century).
A general pattern of troubles
• This revolts in Castile and Valencia are just a part of the general
pattern of social, political, and economic unrest among the middle
and lower classes in Europe during the transition from the middle
Ages into the sixteenth century.
irmandade rising in Galicia
revolts of Bohemia
Cataluña and Mallorca revolts
upheavals in
Switzerland
social risings in
the Low
Countries
Problems abroad
Carlos fought against foreign powers to defend his authority &
the Catholic religion:
• He defeated the French, his main rival in 1525 (Battle of Pavia). The king
of France, Francisco I, was captured and imprisoned in Madrid (Torre de
los Lujanes – Plaza de la Villa).
• He fought the Turks (1529-1541) who were invading from the east. They
besieged Vienna but it didn’t fall.
• He confronted the German princes who supported Luther &
Protestantism (Battle of Mühlberg, 1547).
• He continued his fight against the Moors of North Africa & defended his
territory in Italy.
Abdication
• Charles finally abdicated from his
Spanish Empire in January 1556 and
gave it to his son Philip. However, the
German territories were given to his
brother Ferdinand.
• He retired to the monastery of Yuste in
Extremadura where he died on 21
September 1558.
“I speak Latin with God, Italian with the
musicians, Spanish with the troops, German
with the servants, French with the ladies
and English with my horse”.
Felipe II (1556-1598)
• CONTROVERSY:
• To foreign and Protestant writers
he was the demon of CounterReformation iniquity, the brutal
instigator of the Inquisition.
• To Spaniards, the great ruler who
guided the empire at the height
of its power, the sword arm of
Catholicism, defender of the
faith and unity of Europe.
Felipe II (1556-1598) and the organization of the empire
• Carlos’ empire was divided.
• Felipe inherited territories from
Spanish crown, since the German
area was let to his uncle
Fernando. Later, Felipe obtained
the Portuguese crown.
• Spain (Madrid/Escorial) was the
centre of his monarchy.
• He made possible the complete
hispanization of the dynasty and
the kingdom.
Felipe II
• Whereas Carlos V had been a
military and cavalier king,
devoted to battle, Felipe was a
bureaucratic ruler.
• He did not personally lead his
armies.
• He refused to delegate central
authority and served as the first
clerk of the imperial
bureaucracy.
Felipe II
Cateau-Cambresis
• After the major Spanish victory
at St. Quentin in France in 1557,
the peace of Cateau-Cambrésis
was sigend (1559).
• It meant the end of the
Hispano-French wars.
• It was a "Catholic" peace,
between the two major Catholic
powers and enable them to
concentrate their energies on
internal and religious unity
against…
Protestants
Felipe II
the Turkish
• For 15 years the center of attention for Felipe was not Western
Europe but the Turkish menace in the Mediterranean.
• In 1570, the Turks launched a major expedition of conquest against
the Venetian-held island of Cyprus.
• The Pope helped organize
a Holy League bringing
together the navies of the
Spanish crown, Genoa, and Venice.
The battle of Lepanto
• The largest engagement in the history of naval warfare to that time.
• Carlos V's bastard D.Juan de Austria, won a smashing victory. More
than one-third of the Turkish fleet was destroyed.
• Miguel de Cervantes was there and he was injured in his left arm.
Problems and more problems
• The English and rebel Dutch navies in the North Atlantic were a
menace to the sea route to Flanders and communications with the
Indies.
• French military activity on the Catalan border.
• Fear of rebellion and heresy in Catalonia.
• The great Morisco rebellion in the Alpujarra mountains around
Granada.
The Low Countries
• After the Protestant revolt in the Low
Countries in 1566 Felipe decided that he
could no longer trust the affairs of that
area to semi-autonomous local
administration.
• He dispatched a Hispano-Italian army of
occupation under his leading military
commander, the III Duke of Alba.
• During six years, the "Council of
Troubles" (also called the Council of
Blood) in Brussels executed more than
1000 rebels and heretics, exceeding the
peninsular Inquisition in its harshness.
Felipe II king of Portugal
• In 1578 young king Sebastian of
Portugal died without
descendants.
• His uncle, the elderly Cardinal
Henry, succeeded him as King,
but Henry also had no
descendants.
• Felipe marched into Portugal and
defeated another candidate.
• Philip II of Spain was crowned
king of Portugal in 1581.
The Empire of Philip II
Spain and England
• In 1554 Felipe married Mary, queen of England.
• The marriage treaty excluded Philip from the throne if
Mary dies childless.
• In 1558 Mary died without an heir.
Mary
• Her succesor, Queen Elizabeth had always a bad relation
with Spain: she stole Spanish gold (piracy, Sir Francis
Drake…) and she supported the Dutch rebels in the
Netherlands...
• Felipe planned to invade England.
Elizabeth
The Spanish Armada (Armada Invencible)
•
Year 1588. The fleet reached Calais to
pick up an army from the Netherlands
and to ferry it across the Channel against
England. But the army had not arrived.
•
During the night, the anchored fleet was
attacked and the Armada escaped into
the North Sea.
•
A huge storm surprised both navies but
Spanish one was almost destroyed (while
English, with a shorter way back home,
didn’t loose any ship).
•
Of the 130 vessels which sailed from
Spain, only 67 came back.
Felipe II – other interesting facts…
•
Madrid became the state capital in 1561.
•
There was a famous case of conspiracy, espionage and treason: the case of
Antonio Pérez (secretary of the king) in 1590.
•
His heir Don Carlos was probably schizophrenic. His life was complicated and he
was cruel and heartless. He died in strange circumstances.
The Black Legend
• The term Black Legend refers to a centuries-old view of Spain and its
people as particularly cruel and greedy.
• It is based in real facts…
• Hunger for gold in America.
• Expansion and conquests (wars).
• Religious wars, repression against the protestants (remember the
term “Council of Blood”!).
• Spanish Inquisition (it’s glorious moment was the reign of Felipe II).
• …
• …but The Spaniards were not crueler and greedier than other people.
However, the era of Spanish domination brought the enmity and
jealousy of most of Western Europe.
Felipe III (1598-1621)
• He didn’t have the skills and sense of
responsibility of his father.
• He didn’t continue the aggressive
policies of Felipe II:
• He signed the Treaty of London
(1604) with England.
• He agreed with the Netherlands the
Twelve Years' Truce.
(This didn’t avoid a new bankruptcy).
• From the beginning he left government
to a personal favorite (valido), the duke
of Lerma.
Felipe III – expulsion of the Moriscos.
Previously… the Catholic Monarchs declared the expulsion or conversion of the
Muslims of Granada (result= moriscos). Charles I extended the norm to the rest
of the kingdom. Philip II banned their customs and their clothes causing the
revolt of the Alpujarras.
•Many Moriscos spoke Arabic and practised
Islam in private. People thought that they
helped the Muslim pirates.
•They tended to be hard-working and
prosperous, provoking jealousy.
•Anti-Morisco laws created social tensions
and problems.
•Instead of looking for solutions, the King
decided to expel them (1609).
Felipe III: the Duke of Lerma
• He was above all interested in prestige
and fortune.
• He established his control over the
aristocracy and became the wealthiest
man in Spain.
• The system of Councils was maintained,
but there was a growing tendency to
appoint subcommittees to deal with
special problems. This caused a division
in administrative organization (=loss of
control).
Felipe IV (1621-1665)
• Felipe IV succeeded his father in 1621
when only sixteen years old.
• He was more frivolous and didn’t care
about his obligations. He was young,
inexperienced, and not well educated. He
loved the formula of having a valido:
The Count-Duke of Olivares
The Count-Duke of Olivares
• Olivares was well trained and was a man of
great vigor and energy.
• He was not after personal gain, however,
but sought the vindication of the Spanish
empire. He wanted to strengthen the
Spanish empire and lead it to victory over
its many foes.
• However, the Empire started to decline
(and the economy, too):
• Too big.
• Too dispersed.
• Few money to continue (winning) wars.
XVII century decline: Economy
During the Habsburgs:
• Carlos I & Felipe II: 1557, 1576,
1596;
• Felipe III: 1607;
• Felipe IV: 1627, 1647, 1652,
1662;
• Carlos II: 1666
Political crisis of 1640
• Rebellion in Portugal that led to its
independence.
• Revolt in Cataluña with a serious attempt
of independence.
The Thirty Years' War
•
The Thirty Years' War was a series of wars in Central Europe between 1618 and
1648. It was one of the most destructive conflicts in European history, and one
of the longest.
•
Initially a war between Protestant and Catholic states in the fragmenting Holy
Roman Empire, it gradually developed into a more general conflict involving
most of the great powers of Europe.
Westfalia, 1648
• It ended with the Peace of Westfalia (1648).
This peace treaty had different regulations for each
country involved. Spanish Monarchy had had a series
of defeats, so in the treaty…
… it had to recognize the independence of
the United Provinces (Netherlands) and allow them
to trade with America.
Carlos II (1665-1700): the end of the dynasty
• Decades of endogamy had a consequence: Carlos II
had lots of physical and mental problems.
• Charles II married twice but had no children and it’s
believed that he was impotent.
• In his thirties he was so often ill that everybody
thought he would die young and without a heir.
• Different nobles claimed the throne and when Carlos
died in 1700 the War of Spanish Succession broke
out.
• The result of the war was the change of dynasty
(from Habsburg to Bourbon).