Transcript File

Chapter 14
Europe and the New
World:
New Encounters,
1500 - 1800
p. 413
On the Brink of a New World

Motives and Means (God, Gold, & Glory)

Adventure: The Spirit of the Renaissance


Economic Motives: Because of Marco Polo, more
people wanted access to the East (Silks, Spices, etc.)


(Catholics & Protestants)
Political Means: Centralized Monarchies


(cut out the middle man = lower prices = more profits)
Religious Zeal: “Battle for Souls”


The Travels of John Mandeville (14th century)
(Spain, Portugal, France, England, and Netherlands)
Technology:



Ptolemy’s Geography (old maps re-discovered)
Compass (China), Astrolabe and Sextant (Middle East)
New Ships “Caravel” (3 masts, different sails, rudder etc.)
p. 416
New Horizons: The Portuguese and
Spanish Empires

Prince Henry the Navigator (1394 – 1460)

In 1415 sponsors the development of a Portuguese
Maritime School
Interested in Guns, Gold, God

Bartholomeu Dias



Sailed for Portugal. In 1487, he reaches Cape of Good
Hope.
Vasco da Gama

Sailed for Portugal. In 1497, he reaches India by
rounding Cape of Good Hope.
Map 14-1, p. 417
p. 418
p. 418
p. 418
Voyages of the New World

Christopher Columbus





Additional Discoveries:

Amerigo Vespucci (1499-1502 )



1st to Circumnavigates the Earth for Spain.
Francis Drake (1580)


Explorer who discovered that Columbus was incorrect and
that this was a new area and not Asia
Ferdinand Magellan & Del Cano (1519-1522)

2nd to circumnavigate the earth but for Great Britain
Henry Hudson (1610)


Sailing of Spain, reached the Bahamas (Oct. 12, 1492).
Additional voyages (1493, 1498, and 1502)
Never realized he was not in Asia, hence “Indians”
Would set the stage for exploration of “New World”
Discovers the Hudson Bay while looking for a Northwest
Passage”
Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)

Splits the New World between Spain & Portugal
p. 420
The Spanish Empire in the New
World

Early Civilizations in Mesoamerica



The Maya
The Aztecs
The Spanish Conquest of the Aztec
Empire





Hernan Cortés (1485 – 1547)
Montezuma (Montezuma)
Tenochtitlan (Modern day Mexico)
Smallpox
Aztec Empire overthrown
p. 422
p. 422
The Spanish Empire (Cont)

The Spanish Conquest of the Incan Empire






Inca buildings and roads (modern day Peru)
Francisco Pizarro (1475 – 1541)
Cuzco
Smallpox
Incas overthrown (1535)
Administration of the Spanish Empire


Encomienda
The Church
p. 424
Chronology, p. 424
Africa: The Slave Trade

Growth in the Slave Trade




Slave trade existed in Africa prior to the
European arrival.
Up to 10,000,000 African slaves taken to the
Americas between the Sixteenth and Nineteenth
Centuries.
High death rate during transit (Middle Passage)
Olaudah Equiano


The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano
Depopulation of African kingdoms & Warfare



Africans slave traders set the terms of sales
Guns increased tribal warfare
Europeans goods caused African cottage industries to
collapse, hence poverty.
Map 14-2, p. 427
p. 427
The West in Southeast Asia




Portugal
Spain
The Dutch and the English
Local Kingdoms (Burma, Siam, and
Vietnam)
p. 429
p. 430
p. 430
The French and the British in
India


The Mughal Empire
The Impact of the Western Powers






Portugal
England
The Dutch and the French
Sir Robert Clive
The East India Company
Battle of Plassey (1757)
p. 432
China & Japan

China



Ming Dynasty (1369 – 1644)
Qing Dynasty
Western Inroads




Russia
England
Limited Contact
Japan


Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543 – 1616)
Opening to the West




The Portuguese
Initially visitors welcomed
Catholic Missionaries
The Dutch
p. 433
p. 434
The Americas

Spain and Portugal


The West Indies



Jesuits
The British and the French
The “Sugar Factories”
North America

The Dutch


The English



New Netherlands
Jamestown (1607)
Thirteen Colonies
The French

Canada
p. 435
p. 435
Chronology, p. 436
The Impact of European
Expansion: The Conquered





Devastating effects to local populations in
America and Africa
Less impact in Asia
Multiracial society in Latin America
Ecology
Catholic Missionaries





Conversion of native populations
Hospitals, orphanages and schools
The Jesuits in Asia
Conversions in China
Japan
The Impact of European Expansion:
The Conquerors

Opportunities for women


Economic effects


Chocolate, Coffee, Tea, Rum and Tobacco
European rivalries


Columbian Exchange
Impact on European lifestyle


Gold and Silver
Exchange of plants and animals


????
Competition for empires
New views of the world

Gerardus Mercator (1512 – 1594) and his map
p. 439
Map 14-3, p. 440
p. 441
Toward a World Economy

Economic Conditions in the Sixteenth
Century


Too much Spanish gold & silver = Inflation
The Growth of Commercial Capitalism

Joint stock trading companies


New economic institutions



Primogenitor Laws
The Bank of Amsterdam
Amsterdam Bourse (Exchange)
Agriculture

New food stuff (tomatoes, potatoes, corn, etc.) &
products (coffee, tea, rum, etc.)
Mercantilism





Trade don for the benefit of the “mother
country”
Economic activity = war through
peaceful means
Importance of bullion reserves in a
states treasury
Favorable balance of trade (Export
more than you Import)
State intervention to protect trade
p. 443
Overseas Trade and Colonies:
Movement Toward Globalization



Transoceanic trade very valuable
Intra European trade
Trade patterns interlocked Europe,
Africa, the East and the Americas
Timeline, p. 445
Discussion Questions







Why were the Western European nations so well
positioned for overseas exploration?
How were the Spanish able to defeat the Aztecs and
Incas?
What was the impact of the Columbian Exchange on
Europe and the Americas?
What social and economic forces drove the Slave
Trade?
What was the political & social impact on Africa?
What impact did European colonization have on the
colonized?
What economic changes occurred in Europe as a
result of Mercantilism and Capitalism?