Transcript The Global Age

Chapter 2
The Beginnings of
Our Global Age:
Europe, Africa, and
Asia 1415-1796
The Search for Spices
The Search for Spices
 1. Crusades introduced Europeans to luxury
items from Asia.
 2. Black Death & breakup of the Mongol
empire disrupts overland trade.
 3. Most valuable items spices; used to
preserve food, make medicines.
 4. Chief source of spices Moluccas, part of
Indonesia, known then as the Spice Islands.
5. In the 1400s Arab &
Italian/Venitian merchants
controlled most trade between
Asia & Europe.
6. Europeans outside of Italy
wanted to gain direct access to
Asia.
Prince Henry the Navigator
 1. Led the way in
sponsoring
exploration for
Portugal.
 2. His navigators
discovered and
claimed Madeira and
Azores islands.
Prince Henry continued
 3. hoped to reach Asia by going along the African coast.
 4. Gathered scientists, cartographers.
 5. Redesigned ships, prepared maps and trained sailors
for long voyages.
Bartholomeu Dias
In 1488 sailed
around the
southern tip of
Africa. Tip
became known
as the Cape of
Good Hope
Vasco da Gama
 Reached the great
spice port of Calicut
on the West Coast of
India.
 Forced a treaty on
the ruler of Calicut
Portugal seized key ports
around the Indian Ocean,
creating a vast trading
empire. Defeated the
Muslim Arabs to gain
domination of trade in the
Indian Ocean.
Christopher Columbus
 Wanted to reach the East Indies by sailing West.
 Voyage sponsored by Ferdinand and Isabella of
Spain.
 Columbus died believing he had reached the East
Indies.
Line of Demarcation
 Set by the pope
 Gives the “New World” to
Spain.
 Gives Africa & India to
Portugal for colonization.
Treaty of Tordesillas
Moves the line
of Demarcation
to the west
giving Portugal
control of
Brazil.
Ferdinand Magellan
 Commanded first
expedition to
circumnavigate the
world.
 His voyage proved
the world was round
and much larger
than anyone
believed.
Ferdinand Magellan’s
voyage proved that the
lands where Columbus
had landed were not
part of Asia.
Magellan sailed for
Spain.
Portuguese
 Established footholds on the coast of West Africa
 Attacked coastal cities of East Africa such as Mombasa
and Malindi.
 Took over the Arabs’ thriving East Africa trade network.
Slavery
 Slavery had existed in Africa since ancient
times.
 Europeans began to view slaves as the most
important aspect of the African trade.
 European involvement expanded the African
slave trade market.
 Slave trade grows into a huge and profitable
business to fill the demand for cheap labor.
 Great demand for workers on plantations in
Americas.
Impact of Slave Trade on Africa
 Affonso I tutored by Portuguese
missionaries, wanted to maintain contact
with Europe but also failed in an attempt to
end the slave trade.
 Slave trade had major impact on African
states.
 Because of the loss of the large number of
young Africans some states became extinct.
Impact of Slave Trade on Africa
continued
 New African states arose, with ways of life
dependent upon the slave trade.
 Asante kingdom emerged in what is today
Ghana.
 Osei Tutu unified the Asante Kingdom into a
kingdom which held a monopoly over the
gold and slave trades
 The Asante Kingdom was built on the slave
trade.
Impact of Slave trade on Africa
part III
 Oyo empire arose from waves of settlement of Yoruba
people in the region of present day-Nigeria.
 Oyo empire builds a strong army with wealth from slave
trade.
 African States often waged war against one another to
dominate the slave trade.
European Presence in Africa
Expands
 By the 1600s several European powers had
established forts along the western coast of
Africa.
 As Portuguese power declined the British,
Dutch, and French took over their forts.
 Unlike the Portuguese, they established
permanent footholds throughout the
continent.
Dutch
 Arrive in 1652 and build Cape Town on the
southern tip of Africa.
 Cape Town first permanent settlement to
supply ships sailing to or from the East
Indies.
 Dutch farmers (Boers)settle around Cape
Town and enslaved or killed the people who
lived there and used Calvinism as
justification.
British & French in Africa
 By mid 1600s both British & French had
reached present day Senegal.
 Stories about explorers search for the
source of the Nile sparked French & British
interest.
 In 1788, the British established the African
Association, an organization that sponsored
explorers to Africa.
European Footholds in South and
Southeast Asia
 Portuguese first to establish trade directly
with Asia.
 When the Portuguese arrived most of India
was controlled by the Muslim Mughal Empire
(1526-1857).
 Portuguese win footholds in Southern India.
 For most of the 1500s Portugal controlled
the spice trade between Europe & Asia.
Rise of Dutch in Asia
 Dutch were the first Europeans to challenge
Portuguese domination of Asian trade.
 Dutch East India Company had full sovereign
powers of a state (could build armies, wage
war & negotiate treaties).
 1641 Dutch capture Malacca from
Portuguese and are eventually able to
enforce a monopoly over the spice islands.
Mughal Empire
 At one point it was larger than any European
country.
 Saw no threat in granting trading rights to
European powers.
 Mughal empire is fractured by fighting
between Muslims & Hindus
 Overtime it lost power and the British and
the French fought for control of India.
 Both British & French establish East India
companies.
 British win control of India by 1700s.
China
 Because European products were inferior to
Chinese products Chinese would only accept
payment in gold or silver.
 Ming Dynasty ruled China from 1368 to 1644.
Allowed trade with Europeans and accepted
European missionaries.
 The Manchus seized Beijing in 1644 and set up
the Qing Dynasty
 Both Ming & Qing practiced a policy of
restricted foreign trade.
Korea
 In the 1590s Japanese invasion devastates
Korea.
 In 1636 Manchus conquered Korea.
 In response Korea chooses isolation.
 Excludes all foreigners except Chinese and a
few Japanese.
 Becomes known in West as the “Hermit
Kingdom.”
Japan
 Unlike the Chinese or the Koreans the Japanese
at first welcomed Westerners.
 Warrior Lords quickly adopted Western Firearms.
 Jesuit priests quickly convert many Japanese to
Christianity.
 Tokugawa Shoguns, worried that Japanese
Christians would be loyal to the Pope over
Japanese leaders.
 Tokugawa Shoguns expelled missionaries and
persecuted Japanese Christians.
 Japan remains isolated for 200 years.
Chapter 3
The Beginnings of Our
Global Age: Europe
and the Americas.
1492-1750
Conquest in the Americas
 Columbus starts a recurring cycle of
encounter, conquest & death.
 Conquistadors were Spanish who came to
America “to serve God and his Majesty, to
give light to those who were in darkness and
to grow rich as all men desire to do.”
 Spanish overpowered natives using superior
weapons and horses.
 Spanish also brought diseases like smallpox,
measles, and influenza for which the natives
had no immunity.
Hernan Cortes
 Conquistador who
conquered Aztec Mexico
for Spain.
 Aztec ruler Moctezuma.
 Spanish had the
advantage of horses and
guns.
 Cortez aided by natives
conquered by
Moctezuma.
Francisco Pizarro
Conquistador
who conquered
Peru’s Inca
Empire.
Spanish and Portuguese Colonies
in the Americas
 Settlers and missionaries followed the conquerors.
 Built colonies and created a culture that blended
European, Native American and African culture
 Viceroys appointed by Spanish Monarch and ruled in his
name.
Spanish colonies continued
 Conquistadors received encomiendas, or the right
to demand labor from Native Americans in a
particular area.
 Disease was the European weapon that killed by
far the most native Americans.
 At Las Casas insistence the crown did pass laws
against the enslavement and mistreatment of
Native Americans.
 Many Native Americans were forced to become
peons who labored to pay impossible debts.
 To meet labor demands plantation owners turned
to enslaved Africans.
Colonial Social Structure
 Peninsulares born in Europe filled the highest
positions in Colonial Government.
 Creoles were American born descendents of
Spanish settlers.
 Mestizos people of mixed European and Native
American descent.
 Mulattoes people of mixed European & African
descent.
 Native Americans & African slaves
Spanish & Portuguese Colonies
 In the 1500s, wealth from the Americas made Spain and
Portugal Europe’s most wealthy and powerful countries.
Pirates often attacked treasure ships from the colonies.
Some pirates, called privateers, even did so with the
support of their nation’s monarchs.
Struggle for North America
 In the 1600s the French, Dutch, English and
Spanish all competed for lands in North America.
 By the 1700s North America was dominated by
France & England.
 Jacques Cartier explored much of Eastern Canada
and claimed it for France (1534).
 The first permanent French settlement was not
until Quebec in 1608.
 Most French colonists were involved in fur
trapping, fur trading & fishing.
 In early 1700s New Frances population was small.
North American colonies the English
 Jamestown was the first permanent English
colony established in 1607.
 The Pilgrims were Protestants who settled in
Plymouth, Massachusetts because they
rejected the Church of England.
 The Mayflower compact was an agreement for
governing the Plymouth colony.
 In the 1600s & 1700s, the English created 13
colonies. Some were for commercial reasons
others were established as havens for religious
groups.
French and Indian War
 War between France & England that started
in the colonies and spread to the rest of the
world where it became known as the Seven
years war.
 The Treaty of Paris ended the French &
Indian war in 1763 and gave the British
much of French territory in North America.
Atlantic Slave Trade
 Spain was the first major power to import slaves into its
South American colonies.
 Slave trade grew as other European powers established
colonies.
 Slave trade grew because it was highly profitable.
Triangular Trade
 The slave trade was one part of the
Triangular Trade.
 The Triangular Trade was part of a trading
pattern that developed among the American
colonies, the West Indies, the coast of Africa,
and the British isles.
 On the first leg European ships left their
home ports carrying manufactured goods to
Africa.
 In West Africa ship captains exchanged
manufactured goods for enslaved Africans.
Middle Passage
 The Middle passage was the second leg of
the triangular trade.
 African people were transported to slave
markets in America.
 The money used from the sale of slaves in
America was used to buy sugar, molasses,
cotton, and tobacco, which were shipped to
other colonies and traded for other colonial
goods, which were then shipped to England.
Triangular Trade
 Slave were often captured by other African
tribes in interior Africa and then forced to
walk as much as 1000 miles.
 Those who lived were restrained in holding
pens in African port cities.
 Hundreds were crammed below deck on ships
where they could not sit or stand at full
length.
 Many died from disease, brutality, storms,
pirate raids, and mutinies by captives trying to
return home.
 By the mid 1800s, when the slave trade ended,
11 million Africans had been brought to
America and 2 million died on the middle
Columbian Exchange
 The enormous widespread exchange of agricultural
goods, livestock, slave labor, communicable diseases,
and ideas between the Eastern and Western
hemispheres that occurred after 1492.
Columbian Exchange
Economic Changes
 Silver & Gold flowing from the colonies to
Europe resulted in great inflation called the
Price Revolution
 The price revolution led to the development
of the economic system of private ownership
called capitalism.
 Entrepreneurs who took economic risks were
the key to the rise of Capitalism.
 The fierce competition for trade and empires
led to a new economic system called
Mercantilism.
Mercantilism
 Theory that a nation’s power (ability to have
a large army and or navy) depended upon its
wealth (silver and gold reserves).
 According to Mercantilism a nation should
increase its supply of silver and gold by
carrying on a favorable balance of trade.
 A favorable balance of trade is when a nation
has more exports than imports.
 Colonies could help a country carry on a
favorable balance of trade.