Transcript Chapter 14
Age of Exploration and Discovery Europe and the New World: New Encounters, 1500 – 1800 Timeline ? ? ? On the Brink of a New World Motives: God, Glory, Gold Fantastic lands • The Travels of John Mandeville (14th century) • Schlaraffenland • Magical Kingdom of Preter John Religious Zeal • Dominicans, Jesuits, Franciscans National and personal pride/fame Economic motives • Access to the East – spices, silk, coffee • The New World of the West – gold, silver, coffee, sugar, tobacco Means Centralization of political authority Maps portalani vs. maps Ships and Sailing Naval technology – quadrant & Pole Star; compass & astrolabe Knowledge of wind patterns Ptolemy’s World Map Ortelius - 1579 Mercator – 1596 Nautical Chart: Map of the Seas Sea Chart Sundial & Nocturnal Armillary Mariner’s Astrolabe Magnetic Compass Back-Staff Cross-Staff Vermeer, The Astronomer, 1668-69 Vermeer, The Geographer, 1668-1669 Life of an Explorer / Sailor Cramped quarters Diseases & their cures Food Order, morale and punishment Crewmen and their jobs Pressgangs By 18th century new health measures Portugal: A Maritime Empire Prince Henry the Navigator (1394 – 1460) Portuguese explore the Western (Gold Coast) and Eastern coasts of Africa – looking for all-water route to the East The Portuguese in India Bartholomeu Dias (1488) Vasco da Gama (1497 Conquer Turkish and Indian fleets and trade centers by force! Alfonso d’Albuquerque (1510) - Albuquerque wants to control Malacca = destroy Arab trade & provide a way station on route to Moluccas (Spice Islands) Portuguese in the New World Pedro Cabral (1500) • Brazil sighted and claimed – on to India Amerigo Vespucci (1497) • mapped out the eastern shoreline of South America Portugal: A Maritime Empire Reasons for Success Excellent naval technology More advanced weaponry (gun ships) Unable to maintain longterm empire abroad Lacked the power as a European nation Lacked the population necessary to expand abroad Lacked the desire to colonize Asia Map 14.1: Discoveries and Possessions in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries Spain in the New World Reach the East by sailing westward across the Atlantic Christopher Columbus – 1492, 1493, 1498, 1502 • Rejected by the Portuguese but sponsored by Europe’s “most Catholic” nation • 1492 reached the Bahamas, Cuba, Haiti and Dominican Republic (Hispaniola) Vasco Nunez de Balboa • reached the Pacific Ocean (1513) by crossing the Isthmus of Panama Magellan 1519: sent by Charles V (Spain) • To find direct route to Moluccas – spices • He dies – but SUCCESS – circumnavigates the globe Cortez & Conquistadors (1519): • to Mexico – vs. Aztecs and Montezuma Pizarro 1531-1536: • Peru & the overthrow of the Inca Empire Map 14.1: Discoveries and Possessions in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) – decreed by Spanish pope Alexander VI, that all trade to the west go to Spain and to the east to Portugal. The Americas John Cabot (Italian) BUT explored New England sealine for Henry VII of England Spain and Portugal The West Indies The British and the French The “Sugar Factories” North America The Dutch • New Netherlands The English • Jamestown (1607) • Thirteen Colonies The French • Canada Plight of the Native Americans The Spanish Empire in the New World Administration of the Spanish Empire Encomienda – natives = subjects of Castile (taxed and put to work) to be protected, paid and spiritually supervised – instead they were exploited and abused • Anton Montecino and Bartholome las Casas decry abuse • Encomienda abolished in 1542!! Viceroys &– chief civil and military officer to the king (in Mexico City and Lima) audiencias – advisory group that also functioned as supreme judicial body The Church – Spanish monarchs allowed to appoint bishops & clergy, build churches, collect fees, supervise religious orders in New World; Spanish Inquisition in Peru (1570) and Mexico (1571) Compare and Contrast PS: Columbus and Las Casas Africa: The Slave Trade Portuguese and Dutch on western African coast Desire for gold and eventually the sale of slaves Cape Town (South Africa) inhabited by the Boers (Dutch farmers) = permanent European settlement Origins of the Slave Trade 15th century Mediterranean slave market; war captives & other Europeans used in agriculture; African slaves to Portugal as domestic servants ~1490s Sugar cane production off central African coast; by 16th c. in Brazil and Caribbean = native American pop. not enough – turn to Africa 1518 1st Spanish ship carrying African slaves to New World Africa: The Slave Trade Growth of the Slave Trade Up to 10,000,000 African slaves taken to the Americas between the Sixteenth and Nineteenth Centuries Asiento, 1713; Prior to 1713 only Spanish ships brought slaves to Spanish Americas, BUT after 1713 England receives this “privilege” = 4,500 slaves a year The Middle Passage: mortality rate averaged 10% Triangular Trade Effects of the Slave Trade on Africa Effects in Africa: depopulation of African kingdoms & increased tribal warfare in Africa Economic effects in Africa – cheap manufacturing of European goods undermines local cottage industry = increased poverty Effects of Slave Trade on Europe/New World Growth of plantation economy = increasing need for slave labor Increase in trade: sugar (molasses, rum), cotton, tobacco, indigo, coffee, rice Stereotypes and Justifications Read pg. 393-394 European Stereotypes and Africans and answer the following questions: Why did many Europeans view Africans as racially inferior? What reasons were often given to justify the enslavement of another human being? Map 14.2: Triangular Trade Route in the Atlantic Economy A Seventeenth-Century World Map