Transcript Exploration and Expansion

Exploration and
Expansion
Essential Questions
What factors contributed to
the Europeans entrance into
their age of discovery and
expansion?
 What were the general
consequences of European
expansion?
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Technology
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Compass (China)
Astrolabe (Arabs)
Cartography (Ptolemy &
Byzantine & Arabs) –
latitude and longitude
Triangle-shaped sails
(Arabs)
Gunpowder (China)
Multiple masts
Reasons for Expansion
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Trade with Asia
• Marco Polo
• Spices
• Cut off by Arab empires
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Economic and political
expansion
Three G’s
• Gold - Wealth
• Glory – Power/Empire
• God - Christianity
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Traveled down coast of
Africa (Gold Coast) and
over to India (spices)
Prince Henry the
Navigator – 1419,
established a school for
sailors
Bartholomew Diaz –
1487, Cape of Good Hope
Vasco da Gama – 1498,
around Africa to India
Portuguese
Spanish
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Columbus (1492)
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Convinced Queen Isabella to support his journey
Landed on San Salvador, Hispaniola, and Cuba
Called natives “Indians”
Never realized he wasn’t in Asia
Amerigo Vespucci – suggested Columbus found
the “New World” (Amerigo = America)
Magellan
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1519 Portuguese sailor sailing for Spain
Sailed around S. America (Straight of Magellan)
Named and crossed the Pacific Ocean
Killed in the Philippines
Del Cano led ship that circumnavigated the
world
Dividing the New World
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Spain and Portugal each claimed
Turned to Pope for help
1494 – Treaty of Tordesillas splits
new territory
Brazil = Portuguese
Rest of South America = Spanish
Spanish Empire
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Columbian Exchange
• Europe Received – corn, cocoa, potatoes,
sweet potatoes, beans
• Americas Received – horses, cows, pigs,
sugar; ultimately disease (small pox)
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Conquistadors
• Cortes – took over Aztecs in Mexico
• Pizarro – took over Incas in Peru
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Encomienda
• Indians became slaves controlled by Spanish
• Indians were converted to Catholicism
• Bartolome de las Casas –monk; helped Indians
European Rivals
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Dutch (Netherlands)
• Trading company in India
• Henry Hudson (1621) –
claimed New Amsterdam on
the Hudson River
French
• Looked for the Northwest
Passage through America
• Da Verrazano, Cartier
(Montreal), Champlain
(Quebec)
• Fur trade w/Indians
English
• John Cabot
• Francis Drake - first
Englishman to circumnavigate;
raided Spanish ships
• Jamestown – John Smith – 1st
perm. Engl. Settlement (1607)
English
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New England settled by Pilgrims
(Plymouth) and Puritans (Mass. Bay)
Religious freedom
Felt Anglican Church needed reforms
Pilgrims – Mayflower
Mayflower Compact – selfgovernment; important document in
US History
New Economic Systems
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Joint Stock Companies (like corporations,
investments) invested in colonies for profit
Rise of Capitalism – means of production
are privately owned; supply and demand
Mercantalism – mother country benefits
from colonies by exporting more than they
import; gain large amounts of gold/wealth
Triangular Trade – Europe, Africa,
Americas; key product: slaves
Slave Trade
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Slavery not new to Africa
• Sent to Middle East for domestic work
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Sugarcane (Portuguese)
• Changed slavery for Europeans
• Plantations in Caribbean and Brazil
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Grew fast
• 16th century – about 275,000
• 17th century – over 1 million
• 18th century – over 6 million
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African slave traders controlled slave
trade
Middle Passage
Destroyed traditional African societies
as demand for slaves increased
Middle Passage
Results of Expansion
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In Europe
• Economically successful
• Created rivalries as countries fought over colonies
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In Asia
• Increased trade with Europe
• Beginning of “Western dominance”
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In Africa
• Dramatic increase of slave trade
• European influence in the coastal areas
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In the Americas
• Destroyed native population
• Began European dominance (Spanish)