Transcript Chapter 16: Exploration and Expansion

Chapter 14: The
Beginnings of Our Global
Age: Europe, Africa, and
Asia
 European explorers mainly set sail for
wealth.
 Other reasons include:
 Fame
 Glory
 Spread religion
 Asia source of spices from the Moluccas
 Moluccas were in present day Indonesia.
 Italian’s controlled the trade between Asia
and Europe
Why would they want to
Explore?
 Fame and Glory
 Religion
 $$$$$$$$$$$$$
 Spread
Catholicism
 Technology made this
possible.
 Compass allow you
to know which
direction was North.
 Astrolabe allowed
you to plot position
based on sun and
stars.
 Portugal was the first country to launch
large scale voyages of exploration, under
the leadership of Prince Henry.
 King John I was responsible for sending
explorers on expeditions.
 He wanted to find a water route around
Africa.
 Bartolomeu Dias
was first European to
attempt to sail around
the southern tip of
Africa.
 Turned around
because of storms.
 Vasco da Gama was the first person to
sail around the tip of Africa to India.
 It would take him 10 months.
 Pedro Cabral claimed Brazil.
 Christopher
Columbus sailed for
America in 1492.
 It took him two
months.
 Thought he reached
India.
Spain’s appeal to the Spanish
Pope
 Pope Alexander VI was of Spanish decent.
 Spain asked for him to allow Spain to
dominate the findings of the new world.
 Pope set a Line of Demarcation
 Dividing the “new world” into two trading and
exploration zones
 Spain
 Portugal
 Agreement was known as Treaty of Tordesillas
 Amerigo Vespucci sailed along the coast
of South America in 1502, and decided
that he had reached a new land.
 It was named America in his honor.
 Vasco Nunez de Balboa led an
expedition across Panama, becoming the
first European to see the Pacific Ocean.
 Ferdinand Magellan
decided to sail around the
world in 1519 with five
ships and 250 men.
 They were at sea for
months and Magellan
would be killed at the
Philippines.
 In 1522, three years later,
18 of his men were able
to reach Spain.
 1st to circumnavigate
Portuguese challenge Italy
 Portuguese established footholds on the
coast of West Africa, building forts and
trading posts.
 Built posts in East Africa in
 Mombassa
 Malindi
 They were able to take over the Arabs thriving trade
network.
Slave Trade
 Slavery had existed since ancient times.
 Think about Spartacus?
 Europeans viewed slaves as an important
source of African trade.
 Profitable business to fill cheap labor.
 Labor needed for large plantations in Americas
 Destroys many African states
Portuguese in Southern India
The Portuguese gained a strong foothold
in Southern India, by promising princes
protection against other European powers.
The Portuguese built a trading empire
through military and merchant outposts.
For most of the 1500’s, they controlled the
spice trade between Europe and Asia.
Dutch vs. Portuguese
 The Dutch challenged Portugal’s
domination of Asian trade in 1599.
 Dutch warships and trading vessels
made the Netherlands a leader in
European commerce.
 In 1602, a group of wealthy Dutch
merchants formed the Dutch East India
Company, which had full sovereign
powers.
 With its power to build armies, wage war,
negotiate peace treaties, and govern
overseas territory, the Dutch East India
Company dominated Southeast Asia.
 Spain took over the Philippines, which
became a key link in Spain’s colonial
empire.
Mughal Empire
 India was the center of spice trade.
 The Mughal Empire was larger, richer,
and more powerful than any kingdom in
Europe.
 When Europeans sought trading rights,
Mughal emperors saw no threat in
granting them.
 The Portuguese- later the Dutch, British
and French- were permitted to build forts
and warehouses..
Mughal Weakened
 Over time, Mughal power weakened and
Dutch, English and French would all
establish their own Companies to deal in
tea.
 British formed the British East India Tea
Company.
 Each nation’s trading company organized
its own army of sepoys, or Indian troops.
Chinese silk and porcelains
European textiles were inferior to Chinese products.
Chinese demanded payment in gold and silver. The
Ming rulers allowed Portuguese and other
European trading post. The brilliant Jesuit priest
Matteo Ricci made a strong impression on the
Chinese, who welcomed learning more about the
Renaissance.
Ming Dynasty falls, Qing
Dynasty comes to power
 In 1644, Ming Dynasty disappeared and
the Qing Dynasty took over.
 The Chinese economy expanded,
international trade grew, as did the
demand for Chinese goods all around the
world.
 Like China, Korea restricted trade with
outside world. Korea choose
isolationism. Korea became known as
the “Hermit Kingdom.”
Korea
 Like China, Korea
restricted trade
with outside world.
Korea choose
isolationism.
Korea became
known as the
“Hermit Kingdom.”
Japan
 The Japanese first
welcomed
Westerners.
 Traders arrived in
Japan during
turbulent time,
when warrior lords
were struggling for
power.
Shoguns Distrust
 The Tokugawa shoguns worried that
Japanese Christians gave their loyalty to
the pope and not Japanese leaders, so
shoguns expelled foreign missionaries
and European merchants.
 Japan remained isolated for 200 years.
Chapter 15 Conquest in
Americas
Map 2.1 Western Europe in the Fifteenth CenturyCaption:By the
middle of the century, the monarchs of western Europe had unified
their realms and begun to build royal bureaucracies and standing
armies and navies. These states, all with extensive Atlantic
coastlines, sponsored the voyages that inaugurated the era of
European colonization.
 In 1497, English explorer John Cabot
reached California and sailed north to try
to find a route back to the Atlantic.
 Jacques Cartier left France in 1534 and
sailed past Newfoundland into the St.
Lawrence River.
European Invasion
In the sixteenth century, the
Spanish first invaded the Caribbean
and used it to stage their
successive wars of conquest in
North and South America. In the
seventeenth century, the French,
English, and Dutch invaded the
Atlantic coast. The Russians,
sailing across the northern Pacific,
mounted the last of the colonial
invasions in the eighteenth century.
The French land at the mouth of the St. Johns
River
The French, under the command of Jean Ribault, land at the mouth
of the St. Johns River in Florida. The image shows the local
Timucua people welcoming the French, It is likely that the
Timucuas viewed the French as potential allies against the
Spanish, who had plundered the coast many times in pursuit of
slaves.
 Henry Hudson set sail in 1609 to find a
Northwest Passage but instead found the
Hudson River and the Hudson Bay.
 Giovanni da Verazzano had actually
found the Hudson River first.
 First areas settled by
the Spanish were the
Caribbean Islands.
 Started encomienda
system which
required natives to
work for a colonist.
 Colonist was then
supposed to teach the
native Christianity.
Spanish bring smallpox,
measles and influenza
 Hernan Cortes would lead an expedition into
Mexico which ended in the conquest of the
Aztecs.
 He was called a conquistador and they used
guns and armor to defeat the Aztecs.
 Francisco Pizarro led an expedition to Peru in
1530.
 He defeated the Inca’s because they were
weakened by disease.
Spain’s impact on America
 Spain’s impact on the Americas was
immense. Spain took fortunes of gold and
silver, making Spain the greatest power in
Europe. They opened sea routes that
opened exchange between two
hemispheres. They also brought disease
that devastated the Native Americans.
Many Natives converted to Christianity.
Cruelties Used by the Spaniards
on the Indians
North America's Indian and Colonial
Populations in the Seventeenth and
Eighteenth Centuries Caption
The primary factor in the decimation of native peoples was
epidemic disease, brought to the New World from the Old. In the
eighteenth century, the colonial population overtook North
America’s Indian populations.
 New France was located in what is now
Canada.
 The French were searching for gold but
made money through trade.
 Samuel de Champlain founded the city of
Quebec in 1608.
 Rene-Robert La Salle sailed down the
Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico in
1692.
More Spanish Influence
 Bartholome de Las Casas spoke out of the
treatment of Native Americans.
 Spread Catholicism with natives.
 Encomienda disappeared but not
because of de la Casa, but because of
overwork, malnutrition and disease.
Diseases devastated Natives.
 Chicken pox, measles, small pox, and
typhus allowed the Spanish to easily
conquer the natives.
More Spanish Influence
 Native populations declined by 90% in
some region.
 To replace Native labor they turned to
Africa.
 1st slaves in West Indies during 1500’s.
 By 1540- 10,000 enslaved Africans were
working on Sugar plantation’s.
Pensinsulares
 Pensinsulares (Spanish Social Structure)
 Wealthy/ Government Officials= Criollas= Spanish born in colonies
 Artisans= Mestizos= men and women born of European and Indian
parents
 Farmers/ Laborers= American Indians, Africans and Zambos (Indian/
African mix)
France in Americas
 New France was
located in what is
now Canada.
 The French
searched for gold
but instead made a
fortune in trade.
 The French did not try to enslave the
Indians, instead keeping them for allies.
 Harsh winters discouraged settlers from
farming and many turned to fishing and
trapping.
 Samuel de Champlain founded the city of
Quebec in 1608. Rene-Robert La Salle
sailed down the Mississippi River to the
Gulf of Mexico in 1692.
 The Dutch established a colony called
New Netherland in the Hudson River
Valley.
 New Netherland bought the island of
Manhattan from Indians and founded the
city of New Amsterdam, which would later
become New York City.
English Settle in Americas
 The first permanent English settlement in
America was Jamestown in 1607.
 80 percent of the settlers died in the first
year.
 In 1620, another group of people,
Pilgrims, set sail and reached Plymouth,
Massachusetts.
The Armada Portrait of
Elizabeth I
 They were English Protestants who
rejected the Church of England.
 In 1600’s and 1700’s England developed
13 colonies. Some were commercial
ventures and others were havens for
religious groups.
 Some were primarily agricultural.
 English monarchs exercised control
through royal governors.
 English colonist enjoyed a greater degree
of self-government than did French and
Spanish colonists.
 1700’s, England and France emerged as
powerful rivals.
 In 1754, the French and Indian War
broke out. British would prevail with the
capture of Quebec. The 1763 Treaty of
Paris ended the world wide conflict.
 Colonists and Indians traded with each
other and this became known as the
Columbian Exchange.
 New foods and animals would be
introduced to both people.
 These foods would help Europeans live
longer and healthier.
 Europeans would bring disease to
America.
 Indians had no resistance to diseases
such as small pox, measles, influenza,
and malaria.
 North American Indian population would
decrease from 2 million in 1492 to
500,000 by 1900.
 During the 1500s, Europeans would
develop a new type of economic policy
called mercantilism.
 A nation’s strength depended on its
wealth.
 A country could build its wealth in two
ways: extract gold and silver from mines or
sell more goods than it bought.
 During the 1500s and 1600s, capitalism
was created.
 This is when most economic activity is
carried on by private individuals in order
to seek a profit.
 Because of inflation, investors became
increasingly willing to invest in overseas
interests.
 Investors would pool their resources into
joint-stock companies.
 Colonists first used
Indians to work on
plantations.
 They then looked to
Africa.
 The triangular trade
consisted of ships
carrying European
goods to Africa in
exchange for slaves.
 The second part of the journey or middle
passage, brought Africans to the
Americas to be sold as slaves.
 The journey usually lasted three to six
weeks.
 Between 10 and 20 percent of Africans
did not survive the voyage.
 Most enslaved
Africans worked on
plantations.
 Living conditions
were harsh.
 Slaves owners would
inflict physical and
degrading
punishment for minor
offenses.
 Slaves were considered property with no
basic human rights.
 Slaves would revolt in many ways.
 Some turned to religion while others
would sabotage equipment on their farms.
 The Atlantic Slave Trade would last for
about 400 years.
 Between 15 and 20 million Africans were
shipped to the Americas.