Transcript Unit 1 Lecture HWSx

Unit 1 Lecture
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Causes and effects
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European Exploration
 Why did Europeans start exploring more in the 1500s?
 Three reasons

Technology, Mercantilism, Improved geographical skills
 1. TECHNOLOGY:
 Stern-post rudders (1300s)
 More complex and improved rigging
(multiple masts, multiple sails)
 Effect: ships were easier to maneuver
 Use of compass (from China)
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Exploration Continued
 2. MERCANTILISM
 Definition: an economic system in which the government
controls trade in order to build up its treasury
 Monarchs supported research and voyages because they
wanted profit and to convert other peoples to Christianity
 3. IMPROVED GEOGRAPHIC SKILLS
 Translation of Ptolemy’s Geography helped improve European
mapmaking
 Invention of the atlas in the 16th century
 Better map projections were invented
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Exploration Continued
 Importance of Portugal
 Long coast line
 Henry “the Navigator,” brother of the King of Portugal
Started many voyages to explore, primarily for commercial
goods
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dcdO0QTmxIU
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Exploration Continued
 Competition between Spain and Portugal
 Columbus in 1492
 1494: Treaty of Tordesillas—Pope Alexander VI divided
the land in this way:
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Portugal got all lands east of the line and Spain all lands west
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Exploration Continued--Effects
 Negative:
 Killing of native peoples
 Slave trade
 Positive:
 New raw materials and new markets for European
production (triangular trade route)
 Spread of crops among the 3 continents (e.g. potato)
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Early Modern Europe—1500-1750
 Slow and steady population growth:
 1500--80 million people
 1700—150 million people
 After 1750, the growth of Europe
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
becomes more exponential than linear
Europe’s percentage of the world population goes up
 Consequently, Europeans were looking for other places
to settle
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The Middle Passage
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Slave Trade
 Europe
 Slavery had died out except for
some Arab and Turkish
possessions
 First slaves who went to Europe
were sold at Lisbon in 1444
 Portugal set up permanent slave
base in West Africa
 Americas
 Turning point: in the mid-16th
century, slaves were shipped for
the first time to Brazil, the
Caribbean, and North America
 Result: HUGE growth of slave
trade
Destinations of slaves by percentage
Source: www.nps.gov
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Slave Trade Continued: Portuguese
Traders
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Slave Trade Continued
 Effects:
 Between 9 and 10 million slaves were sent to the
Western Hemisphere in total
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80% of these were shipped after 1700, so the rate of trade
increased
10% died on the ships
 Racial prejudice, emotional and physical toll on slaves
 Conversion of slaves to Christianity, first in Latin
American missions
 Missionaries often mistreated people as well
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Slave Trade Continued
 Effects continued:
 Slave rebellions, first in Latin America
 Abolition movement, which started in England and
France in 18th century
 Africa—huge loss of people, importation of products,
new diseases, family destruction
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Latin American Explorers
 Once the Ottoman Empire was created in 1453,
 Europeans had difficulty gaining spices and other trade items that
they were used to having
 They began to explore new sea routes to get these products
 Some explorers made a bigger impact than others
 http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/primarysourceset
s/hispanic-exploration/pdf/de_soto.pdf
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Latin American Explorers
Continued
 Vasco da Gama
 In 1497 he set sail from Lisbon to find spices in India by
sailing around Africa, successful voyage
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Brought back a large amount of pepper and cinnamon for sale
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oFIyuYPP6PE
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Latin American Explorers
Continued
 Christopher Columbus
 Goal: to reach Asia by sailing west
 Portugal (where he was living at the time) would not pay
for his voyage!
 Spain sponsored the voyage and Italian
bankers paid for it
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Columbian Exchange
Definition: “the global diffusion of plants, food crops,
animals, human population, and disease pathogens” after
Columbus’ voyage (Bentley 486)
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Columbian Exchange Continued
 Transfer of Disease
 Smallpox affected millions of
Latin Americans, killed most and
left terrible scars on survivors
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In 1519 smallpox affected the Aztecs and caused a 90%
population drop
 Other significant diseases included
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measles, diphtheria, whooping cough, and influenza
 Between 1500-1800, approximately 100 million people
died in Americas and Pacific Islands
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Columbian Exchange Continued
 Transfer of new products
 People’s tastes changed, ex. Europe with tobacco, sugar,
coffee, and tea
 Potato allowed many places in Europe to have bigger
populations
 Hugely profitable
 Transfer of food led to increased nutrition for the entire
world, e.g. wheat from Eurasia to Western Hemisphere
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Columbian Exchange Continued
 Effects of Transfer:
 Population growth in both Europe and the Americas
 Increased migration
 By 1700, the Dutch trade was eclipsed by the English and
the French
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They started their own slave posts in West Africa instead of
going through middlemen
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Vast and complex
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Spanish Empire
 Caribbean
 Central part of the empire
 In 1498 Santo Domingo became the capital of the empire
 Encomienda system
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Spanish settlers forced native peoples to work in their fields or
mines and were supposed to give them protection, health
care, and convert them to Christianity in return
 Slavery in all but name
 They treated slaves in a condescending way
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A typical encomienda
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Spanish Empire Continued
 Conquistadors
 Hernan Cortes--Mexico
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Conquered the Aztec between 1519-1521
Seeking gold
Brutal battle and execution of their leader Cuauhtemoc
 Reasons for success: guns, swords, horses, internal division,
smallpox and siege
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oicgynllrfY
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Cortes Partner Activity
 Using the Cortes source, do the following:
 Read the source, underlining any key passage
 Briefly summarize the source
 Explain how the source embodies Cortes’ perspective
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Spanish Empire Continued
 Conquistadors continued
 Francisco Pizarro
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Conquered the Incas in Peru between 1532-1533
 Reasons for success: some internal conflict, disease
Conquest of Peru took longer than that of Mexico
This is the focus of Guns, Germs, and Steel part 2
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