Transcript period iv review

Period IV Review
1450-1750
Major European Developments
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Changes in:
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Way people view themselves
Governments and their authority
Religion, politics, and individuality
Framed European interaction with the world
Success based on competition and rivalry, came at the
expense of land-based empires
Revolution in European Thought and
Expression
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Middle Age
Ends=Unification under
centralized rule
Crusades renew contact
b/t Euro and rest of the
world
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Islamic and Byzantine
preservation of Greece and
Rome
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Rediscovered
past+Productive
present=4 classical
movements
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Renaissance
Reformation
Scientific Revolution
Enlightenment
The Renaissance: Classical Civilization Part
II
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Pop. Rise=demand
increase
Massive urbanization
Middle class emerges in
response to trade
(bankers, merchants, etc.)
Extra money was spent on
recapturing past
Humanism: A Bit More Focus on the Here
and Now
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Shift from focus on the
afterlife (church) to hereand-now (secular)
Celebrating human
achievement and focus on
the individual
Reduces the authority of
institutions
Don’t Call it a Comeback! (Actually, Go
Ahead)
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Renaissance=rebirth of
classical Greece and Rome
Artistic techniques
developed around realism
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Linear perspective
Chiaroscurro
Architecture and sculpture
returned to the classical age
styles
Heading North and West
Italians vs. the rest
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More religious
Portraiture and everyday life
Famous northern painters
existed (Jan Van Eyck), but
Italian artists far outnumbered
them
North primarily known from
literature developments
Western Writers Finally Get Readers
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Johannes Gutenberg and the
Printing Press
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The Prince
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Machiavelli’s guide for ruling
Christian humanism
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More affordable
Printed in vernacular
More literacy/education
Erasmus’s In Praise of Folly
More’s Utopia
William Shakespeare
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Showed obsession with classical
politics/mythology
Most quoted writer in the
literature and history of the
English-speaking world.
The Protestant Reformation
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Pope had immense power
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Indulgences
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Church as unifier and
endorser (Heaven through
the Church)
Sold to pay for Renaissance
projects
Reduced time in purgatory
Nobility resented wealth
and power of the Church
Martin Luther: Monk on a Mission
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95 Theses
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Challenged the church on
indulgences, wealth, etc.
Church services in vernacular
Cut out the middle man for
salvation
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Have faith in God-all that was
needed to get to heaven
Ideas spread north (printing
press)
Excommunicated
Christianity Splits Again
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Protestantism
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New ideas on salvation
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Wave of anti-Catholicism
creates new sects of
Christianity
Justification by faith
Predestination (Calvinism)
Challenging Rome’s
Authority
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Henry VIII and the Anglican
Church
The Counter-Reformation (Catholic
Reformation): The Pope Reasserts His
Authority
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Changes
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Indulgence sales banned
Frequent meetings with
bishops and parishes
Train priests to live the life
they preach
Reaffirmations
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Mandatory weekly mass
Supreme authority of the
pope was re-established
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Council of Trent (1545-63)
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Defined interpretation and
clarified positions
Latin re-established
Persecution of “heretics”
Ignatius of Loyola
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Founded Jesuit order
Self-control and moderation
Prayer AND good works lead
to salvation
Many appointed by kings to
high palace positions
The Scientific Revolution: Prove It or Lose It
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Nicolaus Copernicus
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Heliocentric Theory
Galileo Galilei
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Challenged church model
of geocentric universe
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Bacon & Descartes
Proving theories through
experimentation and
analysis (not just reason)
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Elliptical Orbits
Sir Isaac Newton
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The Scientific Method
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Johannes Kepler
Invented calculus to prove
other’s theories
Developed the law of
gravity
Questioning of the church
and new findings led to a
rise in Atheism and Deism.
The Enlightenment: Out of Darkness, Into
the Light
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Focused on the relationship
b/t man and government
Divine right was constant
despite Reformation
divisions
Social Contract challenges
the absolute rule of
monarchs
Enlightened Monarchs
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Absolute rulers who
increased tolerance and
opportunity for their people
through enlightenment ideas
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Hobbes
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Locke
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General will of the people
sets laws to be followed
Montesquieu
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Natural rights, gov’t secured
and protected natural rights
Rousseau
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Gov’t preserves peace and
stability at all costs
Separation of Powers
Voltaire
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Freedom of speech, press, etc.
European Exploration and Expansion:
Empires of the Wind
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Pre-1400
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Exploration limited to land
(sea-routes connected
through land-routes)
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European desires
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Eliminate Muslim middlemen
Establish trade routes to Asia
Spurred on by Hanseatic
League success
Portugal leads the way with
Prince Henry the Navigator
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Spain goes west under
Ferdinand and Isabella
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1488- Dias rounds Africa
1497- de Gama explores E.
Africa coast and lands in
Calicut, India
1492- Columbus goes west to
find China and India, runs into
Cuba and the West Indies
instead
Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)
Early Explorers
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Amerigo Vespucci
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Ponce de Leon
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Central America for Spain, saw
Pacific Ocean
Ferdinand Magellan (1519)
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Florida for Spain (1513)
Vasco de Balboa (1513)
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Identified the Americas as a
new continent
Southern tip of S.A., crew
circumnavigated
Henry Hudson (1609)
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Looked for Northwest Passage,
claimed Hudson River valley for
the Dutch
And Now A Word From Our Sponsors
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Technology exchange
made it possible
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Cartography advances
Sternpost Rudder
Lateen Sails
Astrolabe
Magnetic Compass
Three-Masted Caravels
Competitiveness of
Europe meant rapid
adoption of new tech
The New World: Accidental Empire
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I LIKE GOLD!!!!
Wealth of the New World
attracted conquest
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Cortes and the Aztecs
I No Feel So Good
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Disease (smallpox) and
weaponry rapidly made up
for the lack of manpower
and the mighty Incas
(Pizarro) and Aztecs were
quickly conquered
Feudalism: American Style
Peninsulares
Creole
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Encomienda System
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Mestizos and
Mulattos
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African Slaves and Native
Americans
New hierarchies
established as Spanish
moved in
Viceroys used to govern
regions (5)
In return for protection
and conversion of natives,
penisulares were given land
African slaves brought in to
supplement the workforce
The African Slave Trade: The Love of Money
at the Root of Evil
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Slavery was not new, but
demand had grown
African rulers were divided,
but Europeans were not
concerned
Middle Passage (Africa to
Americas)
Major Demographic Shifts
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Africans had forced migration
Native Americans wiped out
European urban pop.
increased
The Columbian Exchange: Continental
Shift
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Transfer of foods, animals,
resources, and diseases
across the Atlantic
Europe and Africa Gets…
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Squash, beans, corn,
potatoes, and cacao
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Effects in Afroeurasia
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Effects in America
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Americas Get…
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Horses, pigs, goats, chili
peppers, and sugar cane
Pop. Increases
Urbanization
Enclosure movement
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Increase need for slave
labor around silver and
sugar
Environmental degradation
The Commercial Revolution: The New
Economy
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Joint-Stock Company
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Royal Charters
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Reduces the risks of
colonization ventures
Used by countries to facilitate
and monopolize trade (EIC)
Mercantilism
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Export more than you import
(favorable balance of trade)
Obtain gold and silver bullion
Manipulate trade through
tariffs and colonization
Oh Yeah…Remember Asia?
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Europeans establish seatrade with Asia
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Difficult travel
Protectionist policies
Portuguese first, then
Dutch in Indonesia
England and France set up
trading posts in India
European Rivals: Spain and Portugal
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Spain dominated the New
World
Portugal dominated coastal
Africa, Indian Ocean, and Spice
Islands
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Lost it’s position as the Dutch
and English became more
powerful
Charles V (Hapsburg)
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Holy Roman Emperor
Controlled from Germany to
Spain and colonies in the New
World
Got tired of ruling and gave
Germany/Austria to Ferdinand I
The rest went to Philip II
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Philip II
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Devout Catholic
Led the Spanish Inquisition
Spanish Armanda
Controlling the Empire
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Dutch Protestants revolted and
broke into the Netherlands
Catholic Dutch became Belgium
Spanish Armada was defeated
Mid-17th c., Spain declines and
England and France are rising
England
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Elizabethan Age (1558-1603)
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Growth of exploration and
colonization
Golden Age of England
Catholic and Protestant
fighting
Petition of Right
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Limited Charles I ability to tax
and imprison
English Civil War (1641)
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Stuart Restoration
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Roundheads vs. Cavaliers
Cromwell establishes English
Commonwealth
Charles II takes the throne
Habeas Corpus Act
Glorious Revolution
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Replaces James II with William
and Mary
Sign English Bill of Rights
Constitutional Monarchy
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*Tried, convicted and executed Charles I
*Never had a monarch been tried and executed
France
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Bourbon Dynasty
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Huguenots vs. Catholics leads
to Edict of Nantes
Cardinals Richelieu and
Mazarin
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Advisors to the throne
Establish bureaucracy
Louis XIV (1643-1715)
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“Sun King”
Built Palace of Versailles
Overturned Edict of Nantes
Jean Baptiste Colbert
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Managed royal funds
Wanted revenue to increase
French empire
War of Spanish Succession
(1701-1714)
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Louis XIV’s grandson obtains
Spanish throne
Europe worries about a supercombo (Fr and Sp)
England, HRE, and German
princes unite
Philip V gets Spanish throne
and Fr/Sp unification is
forbidden
German Areas (The Holy Roman Empire,
Sort of)
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HRE
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Centralized in Germany and
Austria
Pretty weak
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Feudalism and city-states
Hapsburg intermarriages
Catholic south vs. Lutheran
north
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Remember 3 things
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HRE lost parts of Hungary to
Ottomans
30 Years War was devastating
By 1700’s Northern German
States (Prussia) gaining power
1555 Peace of Augsburg
30 Years War (1618)
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Bohemian Protestants
challenge HRE authority
France, Denmark and Sweden
get involved
Left Germany depopulated
and devastated (HRE lost 7
million people)
Peace of Westphalia (1648)
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German states get
independence (Prussia #1)
HRE declines rapidly
Holy Roman Empire
Russia Out of Isolation
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Good Ivan, Bad Ivan
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Peter the Great (1682-1725)
Ivan III stops Russian tribute
to Mongols
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Ivan III and IV push Cossacks
(peasant soldiers) eastward
to Siberia and Caspian Sea
Time of Troubles (16041613)
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Competition over throne
Romanovs take over and rule
harshly
Expand to Ukraine and north
of Manchuria
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Westernized Russian society
and military
Moved capital to St.
Petersburg
Catherine the Great (17621796)
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Enlightened monarch
Enforced serfdom and limited
merchants
Expanded to Poland and Black
Sea, access to the
Mediterranean
Islamic Gunpowder Empires: Ottoman,
Safavid, and Mughal
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Ottoman Empire
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Conquest of Constantinople
(1453)
Religiously tolerant initially
Controlled from Greece to
Persia, E. Mediterranean
across N. Africa
Janissaries to expand empire
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Safavids
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Mughal Empire (Babur)
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Golden Age under Suleiman
I
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Expanded west to Vienna,
but never further
Shi’a Islam
Modern day Iran, sandwiched b/t
Ottomans and Mughals
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India, replaced Delhi Sultanate
United India under Akbar through
religious toleration
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Eliminated jizya and sati, used Hindus
in gov’t
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Led to a golden age
Post Akbar
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Jizya reinstated and Hindus
persecuted, long-standing conflict
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Europeans begin to dominate trade
in the region
Africa
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Trade creates strong
centralized states in S and W
Africa
Songhai
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Kongo
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Islamic state, traded salt/gold
Centralized around Timbuktu
Traded closely w/ Portuguese
Converts to Roman
Catholicism
Portuguese slave trade leads to
war and decline
Angola
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Tried to resist Portugal by
allying w/ Dutch but failed
Isolated Asia: China
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Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)
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Ousted Mongols, centralized,
Confucianism
Zheng He traveled Asia, IO,
and E. Africa w/ treasure fleets
Change from paper money to
silver based system, led to
exchange w/ Spanish
Qing Dynasty (1644-1912)
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Ethnically elite
Social mobility increased
through exam system
Kangxi (1662-1722) and
Qianlong (1735-1795)
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Leads to massive inflation
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Internal problems (famine,
peasant revolts) led to Qing
takeover (Manchus)
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Confucian scholars
Expand empire to N., C., and
SE Asia
Controlled trade w/ Europe
to protect culture
Merchant class rises
Japan
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Mid-1500’s
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Shoguns rule but feudal lords
are weak
Portugal establishes trade
(guns) and Christianity takes
hold
Tokugawa Shogunate (1600)
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Tokugawa Ieyasu consolidates
power
Rigid class system (warrior,
farmer, artisan, merchant)
Moves capital to Edo
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Western Resistance
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Christians persecuted
National Seclusion Policy
(1635) creates seclusion
Allows for Japanese
Renaissance
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Buddhism and Shinto
Kabuki theatre
Haiku
Artistry increases
Technology and Innovations 1450-1750
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Europe’s Rise
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Asian Stagnation
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Gunpowder, printing press,
navigational advances
Japan and China revert to
tradition
Muslims don’t take advantage
of European advances
Major Changes
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Animals, plants, disease, and
population migrations
Wars in Europe and abroad
(religion and conquest)
Transformed society across
the globe
Changes and Continuities in Women
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A Few Rise
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The Song Remains the Same
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Elizabeth I, Isabella, Nur Jahan
Property of husbands, inherited
less, few legal or political rights
Changes
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Global connections led to new
races and social structures
Trade changes took female jobs and
put them in the hands of men
Forced African migration increased
polygamy
Confucian values controlled
women as domestic stabilizers
Enlightenment, Reformation,
Renaissance changed little for
women
Why Europe
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Endless Exploration
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Explored politics, gov’t,
culture, religion, territory,
technology, science, trade,
etc.
Asia focused on itself
Islam didn’t take advantage
of changes
Perfect storm of factors for
European dominance
Why Did Other Cultures Approach the West
Differently?
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China and Japan were
content to keep Europe at
bay
African societies were
fragmented and unable to
resist
Americas were
underdeveloped
Middle East was bypassed
by Europeans (middlemen)
How did the Global Economy Change?
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Sailing
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Mercantilism
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Connected the world and
diminished land trade
Established imperialism,
connecting politics w/
economics
Private Investment
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Put economy in the hands
of individuals, lessening
government control