Transcript Transformations in Europe - Arlington Public Schools

Transformations
in Europe
1200-1500
CRISIS IN EUROPE 1200-1500
St. Sebastian and the
plague-stricken
The Course of the Black
Death in 14th-Century Europe
Jews demonized
Results of Black Death
 Population–
reversed growth
 Labor--shortages
 Social Changes
 Guilds
REVIVAL OF CITIES
 Trade
Trade and Manufacturing in
Medieval Europe
Flemish weavers, 14th c
Flemish weavers, 14th c
The spread of textile weaving gave employment to many people in the Netherlands. The city of
Ypres in Flanders (now northern Belgium) was an important textile center in the thirteenth
century. This drawing, from a fourteenth-century manuscript, shows a man and a woman
weaving cloth on a horizontal loom, while a child makes thread on a spinning wheel.
(Stedelijke Openbare Bibliotheek, Ypres)
The Renaissance
Universities
Humanists
(Erasmus)
Printing
Art
The Renaissance– Big Picture
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Greco-Roman learning returned to the Latin West
An infusion of Greek and Islamic scholarship during the
11th C. helped to prompt a revival in the 12th and 13th
C– this became the start of the Renaissance
College and universities grew (theology)
Humanism= focus on classical languages, literature,
ethics and education
 First emerged in Italy
 Spread through new print technology
Renaissance artists enlarged the thematic and technical
resources of painting, sculpture, architecture
da Vinci, Mona Lisa
da Vinci, Mona Lisa
In 1503 Leonardo da Vinci began his
most famous work-- the Mona Lisa. The
subject of the painting is Lisa Gherardini
del Giocondo, the wife of a prominent
Florentine businessman. She is posed
half-length in the seated position, her
posture is relaxed, and her gaze is direct.
The softening of the edges of the
background, effecting a fine haze called
sfumato, creates a sense of intimacy and
psychological drama. (Erich Lessing/Art
Resource, NY)
TRANSFORMATIONS
 TECHNOLOGY
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

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Water wheels
Windmills
Mining/ironworking
Crossbow
Firearms
 POLITICAL
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Hundred Years War
New Monarchs
Iberian Unification
The Magna Carta

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
1215
King John signed under duress
(Nobles pressured him to sign)
Affirmed that monarchs are
subject to law
Confirmed independence of the
church and city of London
Europe in 1453
Europe in 1453
This year marked the end of the Hundred Years War between France and England and
the fall of the Byzantine capital city of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks. Muslim
advances into southeastern Europe were offset by the Latin Christian reconquests of
Islamic holdings in southern Italy and the Iberian Peninsula and by the conversion of
Lithuania.
Our favorite video on the
Renaissance
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vufba_ZcoR0
The Reconquista
The Reconquista
The Christian conquest of Muslim Spain was followed by ecclesiastical reorganization, with
the establishment of dioceses, monasteries, and the Latin liturgy, which gradually tied the
peninsula to the heartland of Christian Europe and to the Roman papacy.
A Time of Transition 1500-1700
RELIGIOUS


REFORMATION
Indulgences
Important figures:
 Martin Luther
 John Calvin
 Queen Elizabeth I
Protestant)
(wanted England to remain
Folly of indulgences
Luther and Wittenberg Reformers
Luther and Wittenberg Reformers
The massive figure of John Frederick,
Elector of Saxony, who protected and
supported Luther, dominates this group
portrait of Martin Luther and the
Wittenberg Reformers by Lucas Cranach
the Younger. Luther is on the far left; his
associate Philipp Melanchthon is in the
front row on the right. Luther's face
shows a quiet determination. (The Toledo
Museum of Art; Gift of Edward
Drummond Libbey)
John Calvin
•Calvin’s theories were
similar to Luther’s
•Predestination: your
fate is heaven is predetermined by your faith
in Jesus Christ
Council of Trent- Counter Reformation
Council of Trent
This sixteenth-century painting by the School of Titian depicts a well-attended meeting of the
Council of Trent. Since the early sessions were sparsely attended, this meeting seems to be a
later session. Few bishops from northern Europe, however, ever attended. The Swiss guards
(forefront) of the Vatican were founded by Pope Julius II in 1505 to defend the papacy.
(Louvre/R.M.N./Art Resource, NY)
Pamphlet witch trial
Pamphlet witch trial
Printed pamphlets, such as this
sixteenth-century example
describing the execution of
three women in Essex, England,
spread the news of local
"outbreaks" of witchcraft. One of
the women, Joan Prentis, is
also depicted surrounded by her
animal familiars. The ferret in
Joan's lap, the pamphlet relates,
was the Devil himself in animal
form. (Lambeth Palace Library)
Religious Reformation in
Europe
Religious Reformation in Europe
The Reformation brought greater religious freedom but also led to religious conflict and
persecution. In many places the Reformation accelerated the trend toward state control of
religion and added religious differences to the motives for wars among Europeans.
Scientific Revolution

Major Figures:
 Copernicus


Galileo: telescope, confirmed Copernican theory


Heliocentric universe
Denounced as a heretic by Roman Church
Isaac Newton

gravity
Copernican System
Copernican System
This illustration of the Copernican
System from the published text of
Copernicus's
treatise
On
the
Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres
(1543) shows the earth and the planets
revolving around the sun. Copernicus
challenged traditional astronomy and
its earth-centered universe. (Erich
Lessing/Art Resource, NY)
Galileo's Moon Paintings
Galileo's Moon Paintings
When Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) published the results of his telescopic observations of the
moon, he added these paintings to illustrate the marvels he'd seen. (Biblioteca Nazionale
Centrale, Florence/Art Resource, NY)
Reformation and Scientific
Rev.-- Big Picture

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
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Luther and Calvin challenged papal authority and
traditional Catholic authority
 Outraged by “corrupt” church practices
In response, Catholic Church launched a counter
reformation: “Catholic Reformation”
Both Protestants and Catholics seeking to enforce
orthodoxy, sanctioned with-hunts
Scientific Rev. thinkers challenged traditional biblical
conceptions
Economic Changes
Joint-stock companies
(Dutch were pioneers)
Stock
exchanges (Italian
invention, though Dutch
made a name)
Bourgeoisie: class of well-off
town dwellers who came from
manufacturing, finance, commerce and
other professions
17th Century Dutch Commerce
17th Century Dutch Commerce
Dutch wealth rested on commerce, and commerce depended on the huge Dutch merchant
marine, manned by perhaps forty-eight thousand sailors. The fleet carried goods from all
parts of the globe to the port of Amsterdam.
Big Picture- Economy and
Society

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Expanding European economy and improved social
mobility
Urban Bourgeoisie created much of Europe’s wealth
through trade, manufacturing, finance, and
technological innovation
 Monarchs sought alliances with the bourgeoisie,
whose wealth afforded them political advancement
Peasants and laborers still lived in poverty and their
poverty often provoke rebellion
Women were subordinate to men but class and wealth
were the main determinates of position (status) in life
Rise and Fall of States
Development
of
new States
Religion
France and England
Warfare
Money problems
War and Technologies


Use of new military technologies lead to changes in
powers on the European continent and seas.
Four countries emerge as “super powers” of the Early
Modern Period: Britain, France, Austria and Russia
Europe in 1740
Europe in 1740
By the middle of the eighteenth century the great powers of Europe were France, the Austrian
Empire, Great Britain, Prussia, and Russia. Spain, the Holy Roman Empire, and the Ottoman
Empire were far weaker in 1740 than they had been two centuries earlier.
Armada Portrait of Elizabeth
Armada Portrait of Elizabeth
This anonymous painting of the sixteenth century, dubbed The Armada Portrait, depicts the
serene and resolute Elizabeth l flanked by "before" and "after" glimpses of the Spanish fleet.
Her hand rests on the globe in a gesture of dominion that also memorializes the
circumnavigation of the globe by her famous captain, Sir Francis Drake, some years before.
(By kind permission of Marquess of Tavistock and Trustees of Bedford Estate)
Political and Military Changes–
Big Picture


Greater political centralization enabled early modern monarchs to
exert increased influence on economic, religious, and social life
Holy Roman Empire fragmented
 Spain, France, England achieved greater unity

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(Though Spain suffered economic troubles and lost military might)
Spain enforced Catholic unity through the Inquisition; France
through Bourbon policy
Within both France and England, monarch struggles with rival over
limits of royal authority (English Civil War!)
Armies grew larger and more sophisticated
High military costs meant that European powers had to tax (a lot!)
Dutch world map
Dutch world map
The stunningly beautiful maps and globes of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Europe were the most complete, detailed, and
useful representations of the earth that any society had ever produced. The best mapmaker of the century was Gerhard Kremer,
who is remembered as Mercator (the merchant) because his maps were so useful to European ocean traders. In his maps
Mercator drew the lines of longitude in parallel lines, to represent the spherical globe on a flat map. Sailors could then plot
their course by drawing a straight line between their point of departure and their destination. However, his projection greatly
exaggerated the size of every landmass and body of water distant from the equator, as we see in this Dutch world map that
clearly shows the distortions. (Courtesy of the Trustees of the British Museum)
Holbein, Henry VIII
Holbein, Henry VIII
This portrait of Henry VIII, painted
by Hans Holbein the Younger in
1540, is the best known of all of
Henry's portraits. Although the king
is painted half-length, Holbein has
successfully captured Henry's regal
bearing, finely detailed dress, the
impact of his 6′2″ frame, and his
imperturbable, aloof expression.
(Scala/Art Resource, NY)
Philip II
Philip II
Alonso Sanchez Coello (1531-1588,
Spanish court painter) portrays Philip II
in an unflattering way. He tried to
combine truth with a show of respect,
showing the king dressed in the austere
black that was in fashion at the Spanish
court, his hand fingering a rosary, and
wearing the Order of the Golden Fleece,
an order of knighthood, around his
neck. The son of Emperor Charles V,
Philip came to the throne at the age of
29, with control over all Spanish
colonial territories, the Netherlands, and
a large area of Southern Italy. He was
also a force to be reckoned with in
England. (Museo del Prado, Madrid)
Pope approves Jesuit constitutions
Pope approves Jesuit constitutions
Juan de Valdes Leal (Spanish; active
mainly in Seville and Cordoba) was
famous for grimly moralizing subjects.
He also created moving religious
paintings and fine portraits. This
portrait of Ignatius Loyola is a
reasonable likeness and that of Pope
Paul III an idealization; in 1540 he was
a very old man. When the Jesuit
constitutions were read to him, the pope
supposedly murmured, "There is the
finger of God." (Institut Amatller d’Art
Hispanic)
The True Church and the False Chur
The True Church and the False Church
This woodcut by Lucas Cranach the Elder (1472-1553) was designed to make clear the
distinction between the evangelical church and the papacy. On one side Christ and his sacrifice
are clearly at the center; on the other side the pope and innumerable church officials are caught
in the flames of Hell. (Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden)
Vermeer, Art of Painting
Vermeer, Art of Painting
In a typically Dutch interior--black and
white marble floor, brass chandelier,
map of Holland on the wall--an artist
paints an allegory of Clio, the Muse of
History (often shown holding a book
and a trumpet). The Muses, nine
goddesses of Greek mythology, were
thought to inspire the arts. Considered
the second-greatest Dutch painter (after
Rembrandt), Jan Vermeer (1632-1675)
was a master of scenes of everyday
life, but he probably meant his work to
be understood on more than one level.
(Kunsthistorisches
Museum/Art
Resource, NY)
Europe in 1648
Europe in 1648
Which country emerged from the Thirty Years' War as the strongest European power? What
dynastic house was that country's major rival in the early modern period?
Europe in 1715
Europe in 1715
The series of treaties commonly called the Peace of Utrecht (April 1713 - November 1715) ended the War of the Spanish Succession and
redrew the map of Europe. A French Bourbon king succeeded to the Spanish throne on the understanding that the French not attempt to
unite the French and Spanish crowns. France surrendered to Austria the Spanish Netherlands (later Belgium), then in French hands, and
France recognized the Hohenzollern rulers of Prussia. Spain ceded Gibraltar to Great Britain, for which it has been a strategic naval station
ever since. Spain also granted to Britain the asiento, the contract for supplying African slaves to America.
The Netherlands, 1559-1609
The Netherlands, 1559-1609
Some provinces were overwhelmingly agricultural, some involved in manufacturing, others
heavily commercial. Each of the seventeen was tied to the Spanish crown in a different way.
The European Empire of Charles
V
The European Empire of Charles V
Charles was Europe’s most powerful
ruler from 1519 to 1556, but he failed
to unify the Christian West. In addition
to being the elected head of the Holy
Roman Empire, he was the hereditary
ruler of the Spanish realms of Castile
and Aragon and the possessions of the
Austrian Habsburgs in central Europe.
The map does not show his extensive
holdings in the Americas and Asia.