Transcript The Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire

 The Ottoman Empire emerged as a political and
economic power following the conquest of
Constantinople
 Lasted nearly 500 years (1453-1918)

The original location of the Ottoman
Empire was in Asia Minor
The Ottomans brought much of Muslim
territory in Southwest Asia and North
Africa under their rule.

Capturing
Constantinople

 The siege to capture
Constantinople lasted
six weeks
 Constantinople was a
symbol of the Roman
Empire, and was as
important to Christians,
as Rome and Jerusalem

 One particular cannon uses was 26 feet long, 10 ft
wide at the base, 8 inches thick, and could fire a 1,000
lb cannonball over a mile. It was called “Basilica”
Expansion and extent of
the Ottoman Empire

 Southwest Asia
 Southeastern Europe,
Balkan Peninsula
 North Africa
Development of the
Ottoman Empire

 The capital at
Constantinople was
renamed Istanbul
 Islamic religion was a
unifying force that was
accepting of other
religions
 Their main trade was in
coffee and ceramics
Significant Ottoman
Leaders

 Selim I (The Grim)
 Harsh ruler who killed
all male heirs in his
family who could claim
his power to the throne,
killed 40,000 Shiitte
Muslims (he was
Sunni)

 Shifted the balances of
power to Ottomans
after he defeated the
Persians
 Suleiman the
Magnificent (Selim’s
son)
 Created a just and fair
law code that was used
as far as Morocco
Mughal Empire

 Descendants of the
Mongols, the Muslim
Mughal (Mogul) rulers,
established an empire
in northern India
 Located in North India
Trade with European
Nations

 The Mughal Empire traded with European nations
 Portugal, England, and the Netherlands competed
for the Indian Ocean trade by establishing coastal
ports on the Indian sub-continent
 Much of southern India independent and continued
international trade
 Southern India traded silks, spices, and gems
 India was eventually controlled by England until the
1900s
Contributions of
Mughal Rulers:

 Spread of Islam into India
 Establishment of European trading outposts
 Influence of Indian textiles on British textile industry

 Art and architecture:
Taj Mahal
 The Taj Mahal was built
by Shah Jahan and
dedicated to his wife
Mumtaz Mahal because
she died giving birth to
her 13th child at the age
of 39!
 It took 20,000 masons
20 years to build it



Gold, God, Glory
Gold

 Demand for gold, spices, and natural resources rose
in Europe as trade increased during the Renaissance
 Expensive “middle-men” led Europeans to try to
find other ways to get to Asia (specifically, India)
God

 Support for the diffusion of Christianity (they
wanted to spread Christianity!)
 Europeans wanted to explore new lands to spread
their faith and gain followers
Means of diffusion of
Christianity

 Migration of colonists to new lands
 One motive for exploration was to spread the
Christian religion
 Influence of Catholic and Protestant colonists, who
carried their faith, language, and cultures to new
lands
 Conversions of indigenous peoples
Glory

 Political and economic competition between
European empires
 The expanding economies of European states
stimulated increased trade with markets in Asia.
With the loss of Constantinople in 1453, European
nations fronting the Atlantic sought new maritime
(water) routes for trade.
 All of Europe competed to be the greatest and
strongest country in the world
Inventions
 Many new tools were
available to aid in
navigation
 Innovation if European
and Islamic origins in
navigational arts also
helped explorers
 The astrolabe and
quadrant: used to
determine latitude by
measuring the position
of the stars

Prince Henry The
Navigator

 Portuguese explorer
who mapped the
African coast, hoping to
expand Christianity
and find gold
 Created a school for
explorers to fund
voyages and provide
necessary tools
Vasco da Gama

 Sailed for Portugal
 Led four ships around
the Cape of Good
Hope (Southern tip of
Africa)
 First Sea voyage to
India
Ferdinand Magellan

 Spain
 Led the first
expedition to
circumnavigate (sail
around) the world.
Christopher Columbus
 Sailed for Spain
 “Discovered” the
Americans- landed
in the Caribbean

Hernando Cortez

Sailed for Spain
Overthrew
Montezuma,
leader of the
Aztecs, and
claimed Mexico to
Spain
Took gold and
Aztec riches back
to Spain
Francisco Pizarro

Sailed for Spain
 Traveled the
Pacific Coast of
South America
along Peru
 Captured the ruler
of the Incas and
conquered their
empire
Sir Francis Drake

 Sailed for Great
Britain
 Known as the “Sea
Dog” he plundered
Spanish ships and
cities.
 Led the second
voyage to
circumnavigate (sail
around) the world.
Jacques Cartier

Sailed for the
French
Led exploration of
Canada, claiming
it for the French
Explored the St.
Lawrence River
Christopher Columbus and the
Columbian Exchange

 The discovery of the Americas by Europeans
resulted in an exchange of products and resources
between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres (Old
and New worlds)
Christopher Columbus

 In 1492, Columbus
convinced Ferdinand and
Isabella of Spain to
finance his voyage
 October 12th, he dropped
anchor in the Caribbean
Sea and met people he
called the Indians
(because he thought he
landed in India)
 The islands became
known as the West Indies
Christopher Columbus departing for his voyage to the New World

Columbian Exchange

 Named after Columbus because he started the
exchange of goods between the Old and New
Worlds.
 Western Hemisphere agricultural products such as
corn, potatoes, and tobacco, changes European
lifestyles.
 European horses and
cattle changes the
lifestyles of American
Indians.
 European diseases,
such as small pox,
killed many American
Indians.
 The
goods/ideas/diseases
traded in the
Columbian Exchanges
changed the lives of
people in the places to
which they were taken.

Impact of the
Columbian Exchange

 Europeans need a lot of
workers in America
 Shortage of labor to
grow cash crops led to
the use of African
slaves
 Slavery is NOW based
on race!

 Cash crops: cotton,
tobacco, sugar, coffee
 European plantation
system in the Caribbean
and the Americas
destroyed the
indigenous economics
and damaged the
environment.
Conquest of the Americas
 Europeans migrated to new
colonies in the Americas,
creating new cultural and
social patterns
 Expansion of overseas
territorial claims and
European emigration to North
and South America
 Demise of Aztec and Inca
Empires

Conquistadors

 Sought out peoples to conquer!
 This term is used for the Spanish only.
 They were soldiers, explorers, and adventurers who
invaded areas and created Spanish Colonies.
Social Structure

 Peninsulares: People born in Spain (officers)
 Creoles: People of European descent born in the
colonies.
 Mestizos: People of mixed Native American and
European descent.
 Mulattoes: People of mixed African and European
descent
Social Structure

Most Power
Fewest people
Peninsulares
Creoles
Mestizos
Mulattoes
Native Americans and People of African descent
Least Power
Most People
Aztecs

 Located in Central Mexico
 Conquered by Cortez
(Cortes)

Incas

 Located in the Andes Mtns
of Peru (South America)
 Conquered by Francisco
Pizarro
 Lots of silver and some gold
from this area contributed to
inflation in Spain.


 Legacy of a rigid class system and dictatorial rule in Latin
America
 After 90% of the native population was wiped out by disease,
forced migration of Africans who had been enslaved.
 Once colonies were established in North and South America,
Europeans began to emigrate (go to) the new colonies.
 The new Spanish colonies that were formed would imitate the
culture and social patterns of their parent countries!
Other areas affected by European
Exploration and Colonization
Trading Posts

 Europeans established trading posts and colonies in
Africa and Asia
 In Asia, colonization by small groups of merchants
(India, the Indies, China)
Portugal in Asia

 Outpost: distant area
under the control of
another country
 Did not conquer more
territory, but had
complete control of the
spice trade.
Trading Companies

 Influence of trading companies (Portuguese, Dutch,
British)
 These countries would set up trade posts in Asian
countries and take control of trade routes
The Dutch in Asia

 Dutch East India
Company: group of
wealthy Dutch
merchants who sent
explorers to take over
Asian trade
 Took over spice trade
from the Portuguese
 Brought great wealth to
the Netherlands
Trade in India

 Spices, textiles, silk
 Under the power of the rich Mughal empire
 Granted trading rights to Portuguese, Dutch,
English, and French who were allowed to build forts
in India
Trade in India

 Weak rulers
undermined Mughal
empire.
 English East India
Company and French
East India Company
controlled trade there.
 Made friends with local
officials
 Organized armies of
sepoys: Indian troops
Trade in India

 British East India
Company used an army
of British troops and
sepoys to drive out the
French.
 Forced Mughal
emperor to allow them
to collect taxes
 British slowly took over
India
China

 China and Japan sought to limit the influence and
activities of European merchants
 China created foreign enclaves to control trade
 Enclave: a distinct territory enclosed within a
country

 China had an Imperial
policy (the Emperor
was in charge) of
controlling foreign
influence and trade.
 Increase in European
demand of Chinese
good (tea and
porcelain)
Japan

 Characterized by a
powerless emperor
controlled by a Shogun
 Shogun- military leader
 Emperor kicked out all
foreigners from Japan
and adopted a policy of
complete isolation to
limit foreign influences.

 Japan only opened their country once year to the
Dutch to trade.
 This is going to cause tension between Japan and
European countries.
*Triangle trade is also known as the Atlantic
Slave Trade*
Africa

 European countries set
up trading posts along
the coast
 They traded in slaves,
gold, and other
resources
Background

 Slavery was a natural part of African society.
 Slaves were used to increase production and
population of a region.
 Seen more as a resource than a trade commodity.
Slavery began…

 The Portuguese started the African slave trade in
1441
 Between 1450-1850 about 12 million Africans were
sent to the Americas
Why Africans?

 No written language, many oral languages.
 Native American’s were dying off.
 No muskets and guns.
 Africans participated in the act of slavery by
enslaving other Africans. They would sell criminals
and prisoners of war and also kidnapped people to
obtain slaves.
Justification

 Slavery made development of the new world
profitable.
 Native American slaves died of diseases and were
able to easily escape.
 African tribes needed weapons and supplies from
Europe.
Triangle Trade

 The European nations established a trade patterns
known as the triangular trade and exported precious
metals from the Americas
 The triangular trade linked Europe, Africa, and the
Americas. Slaves, sugar, and rum were traded
 The exportation of slaves and demand for imported
goods began to alter traditional economic patterns in
Africa

Triangle Trade Trip

 3 legs of the passage:
 Outward Passage: From Europe to Africa carrying
manufactured goods such as cloth and weapons.
 Middle Passage: from Africa to the Americas or the
Caribbean carrying African captives and other
‘commodities’.
 The homeward passage carrying sugar, rum, rice,
cotton, and other goods back to Europe.


 Trip was 5000 miles and would last from 3 weeks to
3 months!
 20-25% of slaves would die over the entire trip.
 This striped the Africans’ self respect and self
identity.



Export of precious
metals

 Gold and silver exported to Europe and Asia
 Impact on indigenous empires of the Americas
 Impact on Spain and international trade

African Exports
 Slaves (triangular
trade)
 Raw materials (ivory,
gold)
African Imports
 Manufactured goods
from Europe, Asia, and
the Americas
 New food products
(corn, peanuts)
European maritime nations competed
for overseas markets, colonies, and
resources, creating new economic
practices, such as mercantilism, linking
European nations with their colonies.
Mercantilism

 Definition: An economic practice adopted by
European colonial powers in an effort to become selfsufficient.
 Based on the theory that colonies existed for the
benefit of the mother country.
 Simplified- Mercantilism means: MAKE MONEY
FOR MOMMA!

 First significant economic theory
 This is an economic practice adopted by European
colonial powers in an effort to become self- sufficient
 This is based on the theory that colonies existed for
the benefit of the mother country
 Wealth was measured with Gold and Silver.
Balance of Trade

 According the theory of Mercantilism there are two
ways to increase a countries wealth:
1. Mining gold and silver in the country or in the
colonies.
2. Sell more goods to other countries rather than
buying from them.
Commercial Revolution

 European conquests increased trade and changed
economies in Europe.
 Prices began to rise because of the amount of money
available (inflation)
 This occurred partly because of an increase in silver
and gold from the new world, and also from the
scarcity of goods.

 A new economic system emerged:
New money and banking systems were created.
 Economic practices such as mercantilism evolved.
 Colonial economies were limited by the economic
needs of the mother country.

 Colonies provided resources and raw materials for
their “mother country” and according to
mercantilists, existed to benefit the mother country.
 As a result colonies were forbidden from starting
their own manufacturing systems