Transcript Chapter 15 Global Age Euro Amer

Chapter 15
Beginnings of Our Global Age:
Europe and the Americas
1492-1750
Chapter 15, Section 1
Conquest in the Americas
First Encounters in the Americas
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When Columbus first arrived in America, a
cycle of encounter, conquest and death
began
Columbus first met the Tainos people
when he arrived in West Indies
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They were very generous and open
They lived in villages and grew corn, yams
and cotton
Encounters
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Columbus’ encounter was repeated by
several Spanish conquistadors 
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Conquerors who arrived in the Americas
These people settled in present day
Dominican Rep., Haiti, Cuba, Puerto Rico
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The Conquistadors seized the Native
American’s gold and made them convert to
Christianity
Advantages and Disadvantages
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Conquistadors had several advantages
over the Native Americans
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Guns rather than spears
Armor for protection
Horses for battle and carrying supplies
Native Americans had no immunity to
diseases that were carried by Europeans
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All of these reasons helped the Conquistadors take
over the Native Americans
Cortes Conquers Mexico
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Hernan Cortes owned land in Cuba and
wanted to take over Mexico
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No one had tried this before him
1519  Cortes shows up with 600 men
and 16 horses and begins moving toward
Tenochtitlan
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Used an Indian woman named Malinche to
help him translate languages and give advice
Cortes
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At this time, many conquered people in
Mexico hated the Aztec
Malinche helped Cortes form alliances with
these people
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These people now would help Cortes fight
News of Cortes reached the Aztec king 
Moctezuma…he thought Cortes could
possibly be an Aztec god so he sent him gifts
Tenochtitlan Falls
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Moctezuma invited Cortes to his capital
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While this was happening, more Spanish
troops arrived to challenge Cortes
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Relations eventually went bad
Cortes retreated in order to plan an attack
Eventually in 1521, Cortes was able to
take over the city
Pizarro Wants Peru
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Francisco Pizarro was inspired by Cortes
and wanted to take over the Inca Empire
Pizarro arrived in Peru in 1532…after a
civil war was fought for the throne
With Indian allies, Pizarro captured the
ruler and slaughtered thousands of Incas
Pizarro Takes Peru
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Pizarro moved into the heartland of the
Incan Empire
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With superior weapons, and the Inca being
weakened by European diseases, Pizarro was
victorious
Spain then moved across Ecuador and
Chile
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Much of South America is now owned by
Spain
Effects of Spanish Conquistadors
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The Spanish had gained a wealth of land,
gold and power in the Americas
The Native Americans however, received
negative impacts from the Spaniards
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Millions of Natives were conquered
Natives were forced to convert to Christianity
Some natives fought for centuries to keep
their traditions but were unsuccessful
Chapter 15, Section 2
Spanish and Portuguese
Colonies in the Americas
Ruling the Spanish Empire
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Mid 1500s  Spain owned land from
California to South America
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The land was broken up into 4 provinces
The King of Spain set up the Council of
Indies to pass laws for the colonies
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The King also appointed viceroys 
representatives to rule for the king in each
province
Spreading Christianity
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Gaining a following for Christianity was
just as important as gaining land for Spain
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Catholic Church worked with the
government…as land expanded so did
Christianity
Spanish missionaries even FORCIBLY
imposed European ways on Native
Americans
Encomienda
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This is a system of forced labor used by
the Spanish on Native Americans
Natives had to work under brutal
conditions if they could not pay tribute
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Things like disease, starvation, and cruel
treatment led to a decline in Native population
If the natives resisted, they were killed
Workers From Africa
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Bartolome de Las Casas (a pope) urged
colonists to import workers from Africa
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He believed Africans were immune to diseases
in the colonies
He felt they were skilled in mining,
farming and metalworking
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This importing of slaves would further the
brutal African slave trade
Colonial Society and Culture
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Spanish culture dominated the cities of the
colonies
However, there was a blending of diverse
traditions that changed people’s lives
New settlers learned Native Amer. ways of
building and boating (canoes)
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In return, the Europeans would teach their
religion to the Natives
Layered Society
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This society was made up of distinct social
classes
Top  Peninsulares (Spanish born people)
2nd  Creoles (American born
descendants of Spanish settlers)
Lower  Mixes of populations
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Mestizos…Native Amer. & European descent
Mulattos…African & European descent
Emphasizing Education
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Colonies built universities to meet the
Church’s need for educated priests
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1551  Univ. of Mexico is established
12 Spanish American Universities were
educating men before Harvard in 1636
Women who wanted education would join
a convent (usually learning poetry)
Beyond the Spanish Empire
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Portuguese nobles started building towns,
churches and plantations in Brazil
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Just like the Spanish, the Portuguese forced
the Indians to leave
The French, English and Dutch resented
Spain and Portugal
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They began sending pirates after the treasure
ships that would leave the Americas
Review
All of the following were advantages the Conquistadors
had against the Native Americans except?
1)
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A
B
C
D
Guns rather than spears
Better knowledge of the landscape
Armor for protection
Horses for battle and shipping
Which group of people was at the top of society?
2)
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A
B
C
D
Creoles
Mulattos
Mestizos
Peninsulares
Chapter 15, Section 3
Struggle for North America
Building New France
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French claims in Canada grew quietly
while rulers were domestically concerned
1534  Jacques Cartier explored
eastern coast of Canada discovering the
St. Lawrence River
Traveling on the river, he claimed much of
eastern Canada for France
The English Colonies
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The English built their first permanent
colony in Jamestown, VA in 1607
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In early years, many people died from
starvation and disease
The colony finally started to make $ when
it began to grow and export tobacco
1620  Pilgrims landed in Plymouth Rock
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Pilgrims are Protestants who reject the
Church of England
English Colonies Grow
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Between 1600-1700, the English est’d
additional colonies in North America
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Virginia and NY were commercial
ventures…organized for profit
Early settlers in all colonies were similar in
that they all struggled for survival
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In the South cash crops like tobacco and rice
were grown as a result of the warm weather
Competing for Colonies
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By the late 1600s, several countries were
competing for colonies in North America
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France made claims in Canada and Central US
Spain made claims in Texas and Florida
English and Dutch were maintaining on the
East Coast
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Late 1700s  French and English Caribbean
islands surpassed all of North America in exports
to Europe (land was worked by enslaved Natives)
Rivalry Turns to War
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1700s  Britain and France were bitter rivals
They clashed in Europe, North America,
Africa and Asia
1754  War erupted called the French and
Indian War…went on until 1763
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Turned into a worldwide struggle known as the
Seven Years’ War (spread to Europe, India and
Africa)
French and Indian War
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Was ended in 1763 with The Treaty of
Paris…ensured British dominance in North
America (French were destroyed)
France was forced to give up its land in
Canada and East of Mississippi to England
France did end up regaining the Caribbean
Louisiana territory was given to Spain
Chapter 15, Section 4
The Atlantic Slave Trade
Triangular Trade Across Atlantic
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Triangular Trade  three legged
international trade system
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Europe, Africa, Americas
1st Leg  merchant ships bring European
goods to Africa
2nd Leg (Middle Passage)  slaves to
Americas
In Americas  slaves are traded for goods
Triangular Trade
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Final Leg  Merchants carry American
goods to Europe and sell as commodities
This trading was profitable for many
Merchants were growing very wealthy
Industries that supported trade thrived
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Shipbuilding, Shipping goods
Farming, Raising Tobacco, Sugar Processing
Horrors of Middle Passage
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The terrible journey would begin long
before the ships would set sail on water
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Most Africans were taken from inland villages
and forced to march to the coast
Men, women and children were bound
with ropes tied to one another all the time
They would walk for thousands of miles
carrying heavy loads of cargo
On the Ships
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Once the slaves were purchased, they
were stored below deck on slave ships
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Usually tied in chains to each other
Ships would face many problems during
their journey:
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Storms from the sea
Raids by pirates
Mutinies  revolts by the captives
“Floating Coffins”
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Disease was very common on slave ships
Up to half of the slaves on board would
die from diseases like smallpox
Some didn’t die from disease at all but
just brutal mistreatment
Suicide was actually very common
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They believed if they were dead they would
be returned to their home lands
Impact of Atlantic Slave Trade
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Slave Trade was profitable for a few
For Africans, their lives were forever
brutalized
Historians estimate that in the 1500s,
2,000 Africans came to Americas each yr.
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1780s  slave trade was at its peak, 80,000
slaves per year were coming over
Total number is estimated around 11 million
Review
The first permanent English colony was located where?
1)
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A
B
C
D
Plymouth Rock
Albany
Jamestown
Blacksburg
The three legged international trading system is known
as which of the following?
2)
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A
B
C
D
Three Legged Race
Triangular Manufacturing
Triangular Commodities
Triangular Trade
Chapter 15, Section 5
Effects of Global Contact
Columbian Exchange
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This is the exchange of goods that
Columbus found in America and he
brought back to Spain
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This became a vast global exchange that had
large effects on the world
New foods such as tomatoes, pumpkins,
and peppers were found
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Potatoes helped feed Europe’s population
Global Population Explodes
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Transferring of foods between continents
took some time but greatly affected the
increasing population of the world
The Columbian Exchange also sparked the
migration of millions of people
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These people wanted new opportunities
Some parts of the world actually saw
declining populations because of migrations
Commercial Revolution
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Expanded trade, increased money supply
and the push for overseas empires helped
establish European Capitalism:
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Economic system in which most businesses
are privately owned
As trade increased, Entrepreneurs sought
to expand overseas
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The goal  Make PROFITS
Mercantilism Arises
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Monarchs enjoyed the Commercial Rev.
and adopted Mercantilism:
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Aimed at strengthening national economies
Mercantilists believe a nation’s real wealth
was measured in gold and silver
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In order to build the supply of gold and silver
nations must export more than they import
Colonies
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For mercantilists, colonies existed to
benefit the mother country
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Colonies provided resources and raw
materials to countries in Europe
Strict laws were passed by parent
countries regarding trade for the colonies
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Colonies could not buy goods from other
countries or send goods to other countries
Increasing National Wealth
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Mercantilists urged rulers to adopt policies
to improve national wealth
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Governments started to build roads, back new
companies, and exploit resources
Tariffs taxes on imports, were imposed
when trading with foreign countries
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These methods seemed to increase national
wealth but modern economists still debate
whether they worked or not
Review
The exchange of goods that Columbus started between the
Americas and Europe is known as..?
1)
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A
B
C
D
Cultural Diffusion
Euro-American Trading
Columbian Trading System
Columbian Exchange
The total estimated number of slaves that were brought to the
Americas in the Slave Trade is…?
2)
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A
B
C
D
5 million
2 million
11 million
20 million