Transcript Cards
The Atlantic World 1492-1800
World History: Patterns
of Interaction
Chapter 20
ATB #16
What happened
on this day (Oct. 4)
in 1918?
Day 17 – Essential Questions
Why were the Spanish able to easily defeat the
Aztec and Incan civilizations?
How were the French and English colonies in
the Americas different in regards to land,
economy, and relations with natives?
What was the main consequence of the French
and Indian War?
Spain Builds an American Empire
Motivation – fierce competition for wealth in Europe
[GOLD]
Christopher Columbus – Genoese captain hired by
Ferdinand and Isabella to find a route to the Spice Islands
by sailing west
Landed in the Caribbean Oct. 12, 1492
Called people “los indios” thinking he was in the Indies
Islands now called the West Indies
Miscalculated size of the earth
Claimed San Salvador for Spain
Returned to Spain 1493 monarchs financed 3 more trips
Intended to turn Caribbean lands into colonies – lands
controlled by another nation
Other Explorers Sail West
1500 – Pedro Alvares Cabral claimed Brazil for Portugal
1501 – Amerigo Vespucci realizes land not part of Asia
1507 – German mapmaker names new continent “America”
1519 – Ferdinand Magellan sailed down coast of South
America; tracks Strait of Magellan through southern tip
Sailed into Pacific Ocean – months without seeing land
Ran out of food
Eventually reached Philippines, where Magellan was killed by
natives [CLAIMED for Spain 1521]
Crew, reduced by disease and starvation, continued west to
home
18 of original 250 men reached Spain in 1522 – first persons to
circumnavigate the world
Spanish Conquests in Mexico
1519 – Hernán Cortés landed in Mexico
Conquistadors – Spanish conquerers brought guns, horses,
and disease
Claimed lands for Spain
Sought gold and silver in Mexico, South America, and presentUS
Encountered native Aztecs
Reached capital of Tenochtitlan
Montezuma II – Is Cortés a god?
Agreed to give gold
Killed many Aztecs starting spring 1520
Conquered Aztecs in 1521
Spanish weapons superior
Other native groups helped Cortés
Disease – measles, mumps, smallpox, typhus – no natural
immunity
Spanish Conquests in Peru
1532 – Francisco Pizarro – Spanish conquerer
reached Peru and conquered the Incan Empire
Met ruler Atahualpa near city Cajamarca
Spanish: 200 man army; Incan: 30,000 man army
Spanish ambushed, kidnapped Atahualpa
Received ransom of gold and silver
But, strangled Atahualpa anyway
Incans retreated
Captured capital Cuzco without a struggle in 1533
Other regions
Maya in the Yucatan & Guatemala
Spain’s Empire by
mid-16th Century
4 Viceroyalties
New Spain [Mexico]
New Granada [Ecuador]
Peru [Peru]
Rio de la Plata [Chile,
Argentina]
Spanish Patterns of Conquest
Techniques used during the reconquista of Spain
[conquering Muslims]
Live among them, imposing culture on them
Relations between Spanish and natives common creation of
mestizo population
Oppressed natives
Encomienda system – forced labor of natives in farms, ranches, or
mines
Spoken against by Bartolome de las Casas – new laws
forbade enslavement in 1542.. Too far away to enforce…
Imposed culture
Close control on trade – esp. silver & gold
Sugar cane profitable NEED WORKERS
Slaves from Africa by 1530s
# descendents from Africans outnumbered Europeans
within a few generations
Laws prohibited trade with other nations
Spread authority of Catholic Church
Spanish Colonial Society
Blended Spanish, African, and Native American cultures
Native styles of buildings, food, use of canoes
Christanity and horses present
African cooking, farming, dance, song
Social Classes
Spanish-born Europeans
Creoles
Mestizos
Mulattos
Natives
Africans
Valued education – fulflilled by the Church
Pushing North
1540 – Empire stretched from
Mexico to Peru
1540-41 – Francisco Vásquez
de Coronado led expedition
through Arizona, New
Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma,
Kansas
Little gold
Mostly priests settled to
explore & colonize present-US
MANY Christian
missionaries in Spanish
Empire seeking converts
Evident today??
Effects of Spanish Conquistadors
Conquered millions of natives with guns
and disease
Seized valuable goods esp. gold and
silver
Send abroad to Philippines for trade
Made Spain very wealthy and powerful
Natives – split
Stop resisting, convert to Christianity
Still fight and protect culture
Changed patterns of global
encounters
Map connected by sea routes for trade
(not just land routes)
REMEMBER:
Conquered the Aztecs, Incas, and other natives easily
with guns and disease
Empire spread from California to Chile in the Americas
Social hierarchy ranged from Africans (slaves) at the
bottom to Spanish-born whites at the top
Placement of mixed people on the scale indicates the
commonality of interbreeding that was still seen as lessacceptable
Economy focused on treasures (gold, silver) and later
plantations (sugar, tobacco)
Portuguese in Brazil
Cabrel claimed land in 1500
Conquered Tupian Indians (disease)
Land grants began in 1530s – King would give land to nobles
if they shared profits
Economy: not instant wealth from gold & silver, rather from
plantation agriculture & cattle
Highest number slaves in the Americas
Some instant $ from sale of brazilwood
Blended culture similar to that of Spanish Empire
Europeans Settle North America
Must compete with Spain
Ignored Treaty of Torsedillas 1494
Find Northwest Passage – profitable trade route through
North America instead of around it
Doesn’t exist… oops!
New France
New France – France’s colonial empire in
North America based in present-day Quebec
Jacques Cartier reached coast of eastern
Canada c.1534
Named St. Lawrence River
Named Montreal
1608 – Samuel de Champlain founded
Quebec
1673 – Jesuit priest Marquette and trader Joliet
explored Great Lakes & upper Mississippi River
C.1673 – Sieur de La Salle explored lower
Mississippi – claimed entire river valley for
France – named Louisiana for Louis XIV
New France’s Trading Empire
Sparsely populated
lands
Only 65,000 by 1760
No desire to build
towns or raise families
No Protestants
allowed in NF – Louis
XIV was Catholic
Some settlements and
forts along rivers 1700s
Economy based on
trade – furs, fishing
Climate not suited to
agriculture
Dependent on
natives to trade with;
learn how to acquire
goods themselves
REMEMBER:
Small population
Located in Canada, Ohio & Mississippi River Valleys
Fur traders
Worked with natives to survive
English Settlements
Reached Jamestown in 1607, chartered by King James
Settlers more interested in gold than crops – BIG fail
Mostly single men looking for $$
7/10 died in early years of hunger or disease
Initially dependent on natives of survival
Eventually good with tobacco cash crop farming
1620 – Pilgrims founded Plymouth, Massachusetts
Persecuted in England
Branch of Protestantism
C.1630 – Puritans sought religious freedom from Anglican
Church and founded large colony at Massachusetts Bay
Numerous families enabled success
Varying English Colonies
Founded on:
Commercial Profit – New York, Virginia
Religious Havens – MA, PA, MD
Gifts from the King – Georgia, South Carolina
All spent early years working with natives, trying to survive
Learned to create wealth with resources & agriculture
Fishing, shipbuilding, timber
Rice, grains, tobacco
Slaves later outnumber Europeans in south
Government of British Colonies
Controlled by English monarch
Saw themselves as English – wanted same rights
Parliament passed laws affecting colonists
High degree of self-government for local issues
What problems could arise from
this system of government? Think
about distance between places,
representation, $$, alliegances,
etc.
REMEMBER:
13 original colonies along east coast
Colonies established for different reasons
Each colony was unique – shipbuilding in New England;
agriculture in the South; industry & trade in MidAtlantic
Economies varied
Initially relied on natives to survive
Large, increasing population compared to other colonial
possessions
Dutch Found New Netherland
1609 – Henry Hudson sailed west for the
Netherlands [was English]
Hudson Bay, Hudson River, Hudson Strait
named for him
Dutch claimed regions along waterways
Built trading posts at Fort Orange
(Albany) and on Manhattan Island
Dutch West India Company founded
1621 – colonize and expand fur trade
Lands called New Netherland
Struggled to gain settlers – allowed in
more Dutch, Germans, French,
Scandinavians
Colonizing the Caribbean
Also
colonized in
1600s
Huge cotton
& sugar
plantations
Demanded
large supply
of labor
enslaved
Africans
Struggle for North America
English ousted the Dutch without firing a
shot in 1664
1.2M colonists by 1750 in 13 colonies
Wanted more land French problem
1754 – dispute over lands in Ohio Valley led
to French and Indian War
French & Algonquian VS English & Iroquois
Natives aligned to their advantage
Colonists, British, & Natives defeated French
in 1763
Proclamation Line – set at boundary of the
Appalachians to halt colonists from
expanding westward
Colonists VS Natives
King Philip’s War 1675
Metacom, a native ruler, led an attack on colonial villages in
MA
Following initial attacks, both sides massacred victims
Colonists defeated natives after a year of fierce fighting
Skirmishes, esp. along frontier, through 17th century
Disease more destructive than weapons
Nearly whole tribes fell to smallpox, measles, etc.
Severe shortage of labor in colonies
Bring in African slaves
Journal Entry
Imagine you are a European during
the 1600s. Rank the order in which
you would move to the Spanish
Empire, New France, or the British
Colonies [rank 1-3] and write a
short paragraph for each saying
why they ranked as such.
Big Ideas
The voyages of Columbus prompted the Spanish to
establish colonies in the Americas to create wealth
The Spanish were able to easily conquer peoples of the
Americas with guns, horses, and disease
New France had a small population of fur traders and
eventually was evicted by the British
The British retained political control over numerous
colonies based on different economies
ATB #17
Besides Africans and Natives
in the Americas, what other
groups have been enslaved
throughout history?
Day 18 – Essential Questions
How did the spread of Islam affect the slave
trade?
How did African slaves contribute to the
development of the Americas?
How did capitalism and mercantilism impact the
economies of Europe and the Americas?
How did the Columbian Exchange affect Europe,
Africa, and the Americas?
Causes of African Slavery
Natives difficult
Offered resistance
Knew land better
Died from disease, warfare, treatment
Spread of Islam in 7th century – increase in slavery & slave
trade
Muslim rulers justified enslavement with Muslim belief that
POWs could be sold as slaves
17M between 650-1600 to North Africa and SW Asia
Slaves usually had some legal rights & opportunity for social
mobility
Could escape bondage in African societies, incl. marriage
to family they served
Demand for Africans
Colonization & plantation farming
Advantages
Already exposed to European diseases
Experience in farming suitable to plantation work
Less likely to escape
Skin color – easier to catch them if they escape
Atlantic Slave Trade – buying and selling of Africans for
work in the Americas
Spanish took early lead – plantations, silver mines
More than 40% slaves brought to Brazil in time –
plantations
Spread of Slavery
England dominated slave trade from 1609 –
1807 when it abolished slave trade
Transported nearly 1.7M to West Indies
400,000 sold to North American colonies
Steadily grew once there
2M by 1830
African Cooperation
Rulers & merchants willingly sold captives for
profit along coastal port cities
Gold, guns, other goods
African Resistance
Some voiced opposition
King Affonso I
Forced Journey
Triangular Trade – transatlantic
trading network between Europe,
Africa, and the Americas
Manufactured goods from Europe to
Africa
Slaves from Africa to the Americas
Crops & goods from Americas to
Europe
Middle Passage – voyage that brought
captured Africans to the West Indies
Bad conditions for both slaves and
sailors
Disease, physical abuse
~20% perished on each trip
Slavery in the Americas
Sold at auction
Work fields
Work in house
Developed new cultural heritage
Kept music, stories
Combined religions with Christianity –
santaria
Thousands ran away
Laws to return to owner
Punishment upon return
Consequences of the Slave Trade
Africa
Cultures lost generations of fittest members
Families torn apart
Introduced guns to the continent
Americas
Labor contribution
Culture brought to Americas
Substantial African-American populations today
The Columbian Exchange
Columbian Exchange – global transfer of foods, plants,
animals, diseases, and goods during colonization of the
Americas
Most important – CORN & POTATOES from Americas
Inexpensive to grow
Nutritious
Steady part of diets worldwide
Boosted populations
Disease tragic on Native Americans
Economic Revolution in Europe
New wealth + growth in overseas trade = New business &
trade practices in Europe
Dramatically changed economic atmosphere of Europe
Capitalism – economic system based on private
ownership and investment of resources for profit
Gov’t no longer sole owner of great wealth
Merchants wealthy from overseas trade with colonies
Profits enabled reinvesting even more
Inflation – increase in money supply
More money, more demand
Goods become scarce and valuable
Costs of goods rise
Economic Rev. Continued
Joint-stock Companies – investors buy shares of stock in a
company
Need much $$ to start a colony or overseas venture
Great profits, great risks
Numerous investors – individuals paid smaller amounts
Founded Jamestown
Mercantilism – economic policy holding that a country’s power
depended on its wealth
Get as wealthy as possible!
Obtain gold and silver
Establish favorable balance of trade – sell more than you buy
Goal to be self sufficient
Colonies provided silver, gold, food sources and served as a market for
goods produced in Europe
Impact of Economic Revolution
Growth of towns
Rise of merchant class that controlled its own wealth
Population continued to live in rural areas
Majority of Europeans remained poor
Increased wealth of European nations
Mercantilism contributed to creation of national identity
Acrostic Poems / Alphabet Books / Songs
For the Columbian Exchange or Atlantic Slave Trade, choose
ONE:
Write an acrostic poem with illustrations along the border
Create an illustrated alphabet book
Write a 2-3 minute song to the tune of a popular song
Be creative!!!
If you aren’t sure – ASK
You may brainstorm with friends, but everyone turns in their
OWN assignment
Big Ideas
Europeans enslaved millions of Africans in their American
colonies to meet growing labor needs
The colonization of America introduced new items into
the Eastern and Western hemispheres
New global trade patterns gave rise to an economic
revolution in Europe
ATB #18
Copy & react to this quote:
“There are two things that have
always haunted me: the brutality
of the European traders and the
stories I’ve heard about Africans
selling other Africans into slavery.”
Henry Louis Gates
Day 18 – Essential Questions
How did African slaves contribute to the development of
the Americas?
ATB #18
Study Chapter 20 key terms for quiz!!!
Day 19 – Essential Questions
Why were explorers drawn to the Americas?
Why were the Spanish able to easily defeat the Aztec and Incan civilizations?
How were the French and English colonies in the Americas different in regards to land, economy, and
relations with natives?
What was the main consequence of the French and Indian War?
How did the spread of Islam affect the slave trade?
How did African slaves contribute to the development of the Americas?
How did capitalism and mercantilism impact the economies of Europe and the Americas?
How did the Columbian Exchange affect Europe, Africa, and the Americas?
Big Ideas
The voyages of Columbus prompted the Spanish to establish colonies in the
Americas to create wealth
The Spanish were able to easily conquer peoples of the Americas with guns,
horses, and disease
New France had a small population of fur traders and eventually was
evicted by the British
The British retained political control over numerous colonies based on
different economies
Europeans enslaved millions of Africans in their American colonies to meet
growing labor needs
The colonization of America introduced new items into the Eastern and
Western hemispheres
New global trade patterns gave rise to an economic revolution in Europe