Transcript The Age of Exploration

The Age of Exploration
Europe Encounters the World
Gold
Explorers wanted wealth
Gold (and silver)
supported the banking
system
► Europeans also desired
spices
► Other natural resources
would come to be sold
for profit as well (timber,
sugar, tobacco, ivory,
etc.)
► This competition will be
enhanced by
mercantilism
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Glory
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The Triumph of Fame, a Flemish
tapestry from 1502.
Just like the first G, Gold,
Glory was a relatively new
idea in Europe
Came out of the
Renaissance ideal of
Humanism, and the focus
on individual achievement
With the rise of the
printing press, the idea of
gaining fame for one’s
actions was more possible
Also, individual kings
wanted glory for their
kingdoms, competition
spreads
God
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As members of a
universalizing religion,
Europeans had always
seen spreading Christianity
as a good thing
Especially after the
Reformation, competition
will spring up
Colonization will become a
race to convert native
peoples to a particular
brand of Christianity
Jesuits (Catholics) are
some of the most active
How did these explorations begin?
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Prince Henry the Navigator
institute for seafaring and
exploring
Combined ship technology
learned from Islam with
new European innovations
By the time of his death in
1460, Portuguese had
sailed as far south as the
Gold Coast of West Africa
What were the new technologies
that enabled explorations?
The caravel
► triangular sails (easier to
change direction)
► Bilge pump system
enabled ship to float
higher
► Compass, astrolabe,
maps and other
technologies from
Islamic culture all helped
make explorations
possible
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What factors were pushing
Europeans to explore?
► Decline
of Mongol
Empire in 1400s made
goods from the east
harder to get, more
expensive
► Fall of Constantinople
to the Ottoman Turks
in 1453 was a major
block to trade
Spanish and Portuguese Exploration, 1400-1600
Spain Builds an Empire
• Scramble to establish colonies and empires in new lands
• Spain first to successfully settle in the Americas
• Eventually conquered native empires, the Aztecs and Incas
Spain in Caribbean
Encomienda
• First areas settled by
Spanish, Caribbean
islands, Hispaniola,
Cuba
• Colonist given land
and Native
Americans to work
the land
• Columbus hoped to
find gold, did not
• Required to teach
native workers
about Christianity
• Arrival of women =
shift from conquest
to settlement
Millions Died
• Disastrous system
for Native Americans
• Mistreatment,
overwork took toll
on population
• Europeans spread
new diseases
The Conquest of Mexico
Conquistador
• Some Spaniards moved from Caribbean to mainland to
set up colonies
• Hernán Cortés led expedition to Mexico, ended with
conquest of Aztecs
• Cortés a conquistador, military leader who fought
against Native Americans
Cortes Marches on Capital
• Moctezuma II, Aztec emperor at time of
Spanish arrival in Mexico
• Aztecs powerful, ruled much of Mexico;
unpopular with those they conquered
• Cortés joined by thousands of those who
wanted to defeat Aztecs
The Conquest of Peru
Francisco Pizarro
• 10 years after conquest of Aztecs,
Francisco Pizarro led expedition
to Peru
• Had heard of fabulous wealth of
Inca Empire; hoped to win wealth
for himself
• Inca Empire already weakened by
smallpox; many killed, including
emperor
• Civil war had also broken out
New Ruler
• 1532, new ruler, Atahualpa,
agreed to meet with Spanish
• Pizarro demanded Atahualpa
accept Christianity, hand over
empire to Spain
• Atahualpa refused
• Spanish killed Atahualpa, destroyed
Inca army, took over empire
Population Decline in New Spain
Life in the Spanish Empire
Economic Life
► Agrarian (80% of the
population)
► Mining
► Haciendas – rural estates
► Sheep - - > textile
industry
► Galleons
Political Life
► Bureaucracy
► Papal grant
► Ruled by King
 letrados – judges
 Council of the Indies
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Viceroyalities
 10 audiencieas
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Clergy
Silver Production in Spanish
America, 1516-1660
Beginnings of Slavery
• Disease, mistreatment took toll on native population
• Some appalled at treatment
• One reformer, Bartolomé de Las Casas
recommended replacing Native Americans as laborers
with imported African slaves
• Slave labor soon became common practice in Americas
Slave Ship
“Coffin” Position Below Deck
African Captives
Thrown Overboard
The Portuguese in Brazil: The First
Plantation Colony
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Treaty of Tordesillas
– Everything west, including most of
then-undiscovered Americas,
would belong to Spain
– Everything to east would be
Portuguese
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Heavy Brazilian jungles made
mining, farming difficult
Portuguese in no hurry to settle
• 1530s, colonists slowly moved in,
mostly along Atlantic coast
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– Established huge farming
estates, as in Spanish lands
– First used Native American, then
African slave, labor to work on
farms
Slaves Working in a
Brazilian Sugar Mill
The Colonial Class System
Peninsulares
Mestizos
Native Indians
Creoles
Mulattos
Black Slaves
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18
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Century Reforms
trouble:
Foreign war
Increasing debt
Declining population
Internal revolts
► Burbon
reforms
 More efficient
government
 Expelled Jesuits
 French bureaucratic
order intorduced
 Taxation tightened
 Navy reformed
► Portugal’s
Marquis of
Pombal, authoritarian
Prime Minister
 Enlightened Despotism
 Expelled Jesuits
 Economic reforms in
Brazil
► Developed
monopoly
company
► Abolished slavery in
Portugal
► Outcome
for Spain and
Portugal is rebellions
French, Dutch, and English Colonies in the
Americas
Silver and gold from American colonies
began to circulate in Europe; other
European countries paid close attention.
Leaders in France, England, and the Netherlands decided that they needed to
establish colonies in the Americas.
New France
Trade and Colonization
• French explorers established
colonies in New France, or Canada
• Waters of North Atlantic swarming
with fish, staple of European diet
• Hoped this would be a rich source
for gold, silver
• Forests yielded valuable furs
• Did not find riches, but found other
potentially valuable trade goods
• French did not send large numbers
of colonists; small groups of traders
• Did not enslave Native Americans
Native American hunters were the French traders’ main source of furs.
Many traders married Native American women, intermingling the two cultures.
Further Explorations
South from New France
• A few French explorers headed
south to seek more lands to claim
• 1608, Samuel de Champlain
founded city of Quebec
• French also explored Mississippi
River
• Thought it flowed to Pacific, would
provide route to Asia
Mississippi to Gulf of Mexico
• 1682, René-Robert La Salle canoed
down entire Mississippi River to
Gulf of Mexico
• Claimed enormous Mississippi
region, tributaries for France
• Named huge, fertile area Louisiana,
after King Louis XIV
The Dutch of New Netherland
Trade Interests
New Amsterdam
• Dutch who came to North America
interested in trade
• 1626, governor bought island of
Manhattan from Wappinger
• Only large colony, New Netherland,
in Hudson River valley
• Founded city of New Amsterdam,
Slow Growth in Americas
• New Netherland did not grow
• Dutch focused on developing
colonies in other parts of world
• Other colonies more profitable
later New York City
More Valuable Goods
• Produced goods that could not be
obtained in Europe, Americas
• Caribbean sugar, Asian spices more
valuable
The English Colonies
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1607, first English colony established at Jamestown
Settlers hoped to find gold, silver, river route to Pacific
Instead found marshy ground, impure water
80 percent of settlers died during first winter in America
Colony still endured
Pilgrims
Native Americans
• 1620, Pilgrims sailed from England
• English settlers did not share same
relationship with Native Americans
as French, Dutch
• Pilgrims had been persecuted in
England for religious beliefs
• Established colony at Plymouth,
Massachusetts
• Persevered despite difficulties
• Colony self-sufficient within 5 years
• Jamestown, Plymouth colonies
received aid from local peoples
• Still, colonists viewed Native
Americans with distrust, anger
British-French Conflict
Problems
• English ran into conflict with French settlers in Americas
• Mid-1700s, English colonists attempted to settle in French territory, upper
Ohio River valley; tension in region grew; war broke out, 1754
French and Indian War
• Both had Native American allies; English called it French and Indian War
• War began badly for British; French had more soldiers than English
• British turned tide, took city of Quebec
Costly War
• Eventually French surrendered, yielded Canada, all French territory east of
Mississippi
• War costly for British; king tried to place costs of war on colonists
• Led to resentment, which eventually brought about American Revolution