Transcript The Effective Reader by D. J. Henry

Chapter
13
Advanced Argument:
Persuasive Techniques
The Master Reader
Updated Edition
by D. J. Henry
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as
Longman Publishers
Biased Arguments
• Biased information is based on two
types of reasoning:
– fallacies: an error in logical thought
– propaganda: is an act of persuasion that
systematically spreads biased information
that is designed to support or oppose a
person, product, cause, or organization
• Based on emotional appeal: the arousal of
emotion to give meaning or power to an idea
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers
Irrelevant Arguments:
Fallacies
• Personal Attack is the abusive remarks
in place of evidence for a point or
argument (ad hominem attacks)
• Straw Man is a weak argument
substituted for a stronger one to make
the argument easier to challenge
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers
Irrelevant Arguments:
Fallacies
• Begging the Question restates the point
of an argument as the support and
conclusion (circular reasoning)
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers
Irrelevant Arguments:
Propaganda Techniques
• Name-Calling uses negative labels for a
product, idea, or cause.
• Testimonials use irrelevant personal
opinions to support a product, idea, or
cause.
• Bandwagon is an appeal that uses or
suggests the irrelevant detail that
“everyone is doing it.”
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers
Irrelevant Arguments:
Propaganda Techniques
• Plain Folks is an appeal that uses
irrelevant details to build trust based on
commonly shared values.
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers
Inadequate Arguments:
Fallacies
• Either-Or assumes that only two sides
of an issue exist.
• False Comparison assumes that two
things are similar when they are not.
• False Cause (post hoc) assumes that
because events occurred around the
same time, they have a cause-andeffect relationship.
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers
Inadequate Arguments:
Propaganda Techniques
• Card Stacking omits factual details in order to
misrepresent a product, idea, or cause.
• Transfer creates an association between a
product, idea, or cause with a symbol or
image that has positive or negative values.
• Glittering Generalities offer general positive
statements that cannot be verified.
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers
CHAPTER REVIEW
• Biased information is based on fallacies
and propaganda.
• Irrelevant Arguments: Fallacies
– Personal Attack
– Straw Man
– Begging the Question
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers
CHAPTER REVIEW
• Irrelevant and Inadequate Arguments:
Propaganda
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Name-Calling
Testimonials
Bandwagon
Plain Folks
Either-Or
False Comparison
False Cause
Card Stacking
Transfer
Glittering Generalities
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers
Practice
Complete the following:
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Chapter Review
Applications
Review Tests
Mastery Tests
• Remember to complete your scorecard for
the Review Tests in this chapter.
• For more practice, visit
www.ablongman.com/henry.
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers