Transcript CHAPTER 15
1945–1953 CHAPTER 24 COLD WAR AND HOT WAR CREATED EQUAL JONES WOOD MAY BORSTELMANN RUIZ ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers “…the adroit and vigilant application of counterforce…” American diplomat, George Kennan, calling for the containment of Soviet expansion, 1946 ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers TIMELINE 1944 Servicemen’s Readjustment Act Smith v. Allwright 1945 1946 United Nations created Morgan v. Virginia Mendez v. Westminster President Truman stops railroad workers and coal miners strikes Churchill warns of Russian “iron curtain” Philippines independence Indian Claims Commission ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers TIMELINE continued 1947 1948 Jackie Robinson joins the Brooklyn Dodgers Britain unable to provide financial assistant to Greece and Turkey President’s Committee on Civil Rights Truman’s federal employee loyalty program National Security Act UN Human Rights Charter Shelley v. Kraemer 1949 Anticommunist, apartheid regime takes control in South Africa Britain withdraws from Palestine Harry Truman wins Presidency Leaders of U.S. Communist party convicted of promoting overthrow of U.S. government National Secuirty Act amendments ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers TIMELINE continued 1950 Sweatt v. Painter and McLaurin v. Oklahoma 1952 1953 U.S. forces arrive in Korea Alger Hiss convicted of perjury McCarthy’s list of 250 Communists in the State Department National Security Councils-68 McCarran-Walter Act Rosenbergs executed for treason ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers COLD WAR AND HOT WAR Overview The Uncertainties of Victory The Quest for Security A Cold War Society The United States and Asia ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers THE UNCERTAINTIES OF VICTORY Global Destruction Vacuums of Power Postwar Reconversion Contesting Racial Hierarchies Class Conflict ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers Global Destruction 60 million lives lost in World War II America’s trading partners, Europe and Asia, lost their purchasing powers U.S. versus Russia hampers postwar reconstruction ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers Vacuums of Power Fascism, militarism, white supremacy, colonialism: Losers at the end of WWII Socialists, communists, and radicals fill the vacuum Labor party in Britain Soviet Union Socialist and communist parties in France, Italy, Belgium, and Scandinavia Indonesia gains independence from Dutch India gains independence from Britain Ho Chi Minh begins fight for independent Vietnam United Nations created by Allies in April, 1945 ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers Postwar Reconversion The “boys come home”: Servicemen’s Readjustment Act of 1944 Financial aid; low-cost mortgages; VA hospitals; college and vocational training Factories: convert from war materials to consumer products War-time rationing lifted Housing scarce: 1/3 still live in poverty Women: returning men push women from jobs; federal daycare facilities discontinued ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers Contesting Racial Hierarchies Returning from fighting racism, minority challenges Return to violence, lynchings, beatings, segregation Segregation upheld by U.S. Supreme Court in voting primaries, interstate transportation, contracts for house sales, graduate schools Popular culture crosses racial lines: Bill Haley, Elvis Presley, Chuck Berry, Little Richard, Jackie Robinson, Segregation overturned for Mexican Americans in California schools; Native Americans help pass antidiscrimination law in Alaska ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers Class Conflict Labor unions suffer blows Major railroad workers and miners strikes crushed CIO’s attempt to organize a diverse group of southern workers fails The Republican Party victorious in 1946 elections Taft-Hartley Act ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers THE QUEST FOR SECURITY Redefining National Security Conflict with the Soviet Union The Policy of Containment Colonialism and the Cold War The Impact of Nuclear Weapons ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers Redefining National Security The United States primary goal: The creation and preservation of a free-trading capitalist world order The Soviet Union and western Europeans consideration of communism Secretary of State Acheson: “Hopeless and hungry people often resort to desperate measures.” ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers Conflict with the Soviet Union U.S.: capitalism and openess Soviet Union: communism and border protection Germany: (U.S.) rebuilt to a trading partner, or (Soviet) kept impoverished to protect the Soviet Union Poland: Allies insist on free elections, Soviets want control of Poland Iran: Soviet encouraged uprising Turkey and Greece: Soviets desire for control of the Bosporus and Dardanelles ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers The Policy of Containment Kennan: “Soviet hostility as a function of traditional Russian insecurity overlaid with newer Marxist justifications” Churchill: the Russian “iron curtain” across Europe Continued U.S. military presence around the world The Truman Doctrine The rebuilding of Germany and Japan ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers Colonialism and the Cold War NATO: colonial powers of Britain, France, Belgium, Holland, and Portugal Independence to avoid revolutions Philippines Vietnam (France holds onto) Palestine and the Jewish settlers of Israel ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers Europe Divided by the Cold War ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers The Impact of Nuclear Weapons Bikini Islanders, Utah, and Nevada experience high cancer rates where atomic bomb tests occurred Navajo uranium miners Weapon plans leak radioactivity into groundwater Radioactive waste and where to put it? ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers A COLD WAR SOCIETY Family Lives The Growth of the South and the West Harry Truman and the Limits of Liberal Reform The Cold War at Home Who is a Loyal American? ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers Family Lives Suburbia Levittown 1950: housing construction at 1.7 million Segregation by moves to suburbia “The Perfect Family” with highly defined gender roles, and the importance of childrearing ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers The Growth of the South and the West U.S. military bases in the South and on the west coast; and the Alaska-Canada highway The Sunbelt in the South: the car and airconditioning California’s agricultural boom ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers Harry Truman and the Limits of Liberal Reform National health care program stopped by conservatives calling it communist policy Truman courts the black vote in swing states with a platform of Civil Rights ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers The Cold War at Home The Rosenbergs “Henry Wallace and his Communists” Internal Security Act of 1950: requires Communist party members to register with government and allows emergency incarceration House Un-American Activities Committee McCarthyism ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers Who is a Loyal American? Family life becomes primary and religion grows Black America: NAACP distances themselves from any perceived socialism/communism W.E.B. Du Bois and Paul Robeson Native Americas Indian Claims Commission and Dillon Myer Asian Americans McCarran-Walter Act of 1952 ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers THE UNITED STATES AND ASIA The Chinese Civil War The Creation of the National Security State At War in Korea ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers The Chinese Civil War China: missionaries and America’s market Chinese Communist Party and Mao Zedong October 1, 1949: China becomes the People’s Republic of China Nationalists retreat to Taiwan ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers The Creation of the National Security State Soviet Union and their first nuclear bomb National Security Council document 68 (NSC-68) Imperatives of military power Global involvement Increased defense spending Central Intelligence Agency National Security Council ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers At War in Korea June 25, 1950: Communist North Korea crosses the 38th parallel into South Korea Late June 1950, U.S. forces arrive in Korea Police action, not declared war Russia perceived as instigator McArthur ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers The Korean War ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers