Transcript CHAPTER 15
1861–1865 CHAPTER 14 “TO FIGHT TO GAIN A COUNTRY”: THE CIVIL WAR CREATED EQUAL JONES WOOD MAY BORSTELMANN RUIZ ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers “As I would not be a slave, so I would not be a master. This expresses my idea of democracy. Whatever differs from this…is not democracy.” Abraham Lincoln ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers 1860 1861 TIMELINE, 1860 - 1861 December: South Caroline secedes from the Union January: Crittenden Compromise defeated in Senate February: Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas secede from the Union February: Confederate States of America formed April: Fort Sumter surrenders to the Confederates April: Scott given power by Lincoln to suspend habeas corpus laws May: Virginia, Tennessee, Arkansas, and North Carolina secede from Union July: Battle of Bull Run ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers 1862 1863 TIMELINE 1862 - 1863 March: Davis authorizes military conscription law March: Battle of Elkhorn Tavern May: Butler’s “Woman Order” July: Union’s Second Confiscation Act August: Second battle of Manassas September: Battle of Antietam Creek September: Lincoln announces Emancipation Proclamation of January October: Twenty-Negro Law passed by Confederate Congress December: Burnside’s Slaughter Pen April: Richmond women riot for food May: Battle at Chancellorsville, Virginia. Jackson killed. July: Battle of Gettysburg August: Quantrill’s army’s destruction of Lawrence, Kansas November: Lincoln’s address at Gettysburg ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers 1864 1865 TIMELINE 1864 - 1865 January: The French occupy Mexico City September: Sherman overtakes Atlanta April: Confederates massacre at Fort Pillow September: Sherman burns Atlanta and marches to Savannah November: Union massacre of Indians at Sand Creek April: Grant overpowers Lee at Petersburg, Virginia April 3: Lincoln enters Richmond April 9: Lee surrenders to Grant and Meade at Appomattox Courthouse in Virginia April 14: Lincoln assassinated at Ford Theatre ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers THE CIVIL WAR Overview Mobilization for War, 1861-1862 The Course of War, 1862-1864 The Other War: African-American Struggles for Liberation Battle Fronts and Home Fronts in 1863 The Prolonged Defeat of the Confederacy, 1864-1865 ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers Slavery in the United States, 1860 ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers MOBILIZATION FOR WAR, 1861-1862 The Secession Impulse Nationalism South and North Indians and Immigrants in the Service of the Confederacy ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers “As I would not be a slave, so I would not be a master. This expresses my idea of democracy. Whatever differs from this…is not democracy.”Lincoln Lincoln elected in 1860 Presidential Election Electoral votes: 180 to 123 Six out of ten Americans voted for candidates other than Lincoln No votes from the Deep South and only four percent from upper South Republicans fail to gain control in House Five Supreme Court Justices uphold institution of slavery ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers The Southern States and the Secession Impulse Lincoln’s threat to halt slavery expansion to West Lincoln’s appointments to Supreme Court The Republican Party in the Executive Branch Fear of “Anti-Slave Power Conspiracy” spreading to South Northern evils of unions and women’s rights ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers The Secession Impulse and Compromise Attempts Crittenden Compromise: would have curtailed federal government restrictions on slave trade and its spread Peace conference in February of 1861 Lincoln’s inaugural address appeals to keep Union together ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers The Secession Impulse December 20, 1860: South Carolina secedes February 1, 1861: Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas secede February 4, 1861: Confederate States of America formed April 13, 1861: Fort Sumter falls to Confederates May, 1861: Virginia, Tennessee, Arkansas, and North Carolina secede ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers The Confederate States of America South Carolina Mississippi Florida Alabama Georgia Louisiana Texas Virginia Arkansas Tennessee North Carolina ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers Preparing to Fight The South Cotton for military support, diplomatic recognition, and financial assistance from European powers Hogs and corn to feed the troops A defensive war. They need only fend off the Union to survive. “Our new government is founded upon the great truth that the negro is not equal to the white man; that slavery. . .is his natural and normal condition.” ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers Preparing to Fight The North Great manufacturing abilities and most of the railroads Greater population to draw from. Diverse economy with food and textiles Anaconda Plan: seal off the South from supply lines Political offensive to undermine Confederate sympathizers “. . . Essentially a people’s contest. . .to lift artificial weights from all shoulders. . .to afford all an unfettered start, and a fair chance in the race for life.” ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers Barriers to Southern Mobilization Farmers and ranchers in West switch to Union after being raided by rebels Blockade deprives Confederacy money and requiring the South to float bonds, tax farm produce, and raise taxes Failure of volunteer army gives way to conscription Wealthy draftees with $300.00 pay someone else to fight for them South with 209,852 versus North force of 527,204 ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers Indians and Immigrants in the Service of the Confederacy Cherokee leader, John Ross commits to Confederacy Stand Watie and the United Nations of Indians Battle of Elkhorn Tavern in March 1862 Indians abandon the battle and demand to fit in their style Comanche and Kiowa join Union troops German and Irish immigrants demand higher wages for fighting South unable to form political parties ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers THE COURSE OF WAR, 1862-1864 The Republicans’ War The Ravages of War: The Summer of 1862 The Emancipation Proclamation Persistent Obstacles to the Confederacy’s Grand Strategy ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers Occupational Categories of Union and Confederate Soldiers Insert Figure 14.2 ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers The Republicans’ War, 1861 to 1862 Suspension of habeas corpus Abolitionists frustrated with Union policies towards slaveholders War profiteers and the changing face of manufacturing John D. Rockefeller U.S. Sanitary Commission Dorothea Dix Act to Secure Homesteads to Actual Settlers on the Public Domain Morrill Act (land grant colleges) Pacific Railroad Act (right-of-way along Platte River) ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers The Republicans’ War, 1861 to 1862 continued Lincoln revokes directive to seize property and emancipate slaves in effort to not alienate slaveholders on the fence Capture of Port Royal, SC: blacks treated as “contraband of war” Grant captures Fort Henry and Fort Donelson in February 1862 New Orleans falls to Union army in April of 1862 General Butler: returns runaway slaves to Unionist slaveholders and the Woman Order ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers The Ravages of War: The Summer of 1862 Second Battle of Manassas: 26,000 casualties “The Army is full of sick men”: disease claims many Native Americans Pledges unfulfilled Rebellion at Wood Lake. 38 Indians hanged Apache leader Mangas Colorado murdered Carson’s campaign of terror against Navajos Antietam Creek: 20,000 casualties ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers The Emancipation Proclamation January 1, 1863 All slaves in Confederate territory free Slavery left intact in Border States and territory conquered by Union (1 million blacks excluded) Lincoln favors black colonization in Central America and West Indies Copperheads: Democrats opposed to the war Working class resentment rises They pay higher taxes as well as lose their lives ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers Persistent Obstacles to the Confederacy’s Grand Strategy Union forces establish beachheads on the southern east coast despite the Merrimack, Alabama, and Florida Trent affair and Mason and Slidell English textile mills and their workers Mexico’s alliance with the Union ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers THE OTHER WAR: AFRICANAMERICAN STRUGGLES FOR LIBERATION Enemies Within the Confederacy The Ongoing Fight Against Prejudice in the North and South ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers Enemies Within the Confederacy Runaway slaves and individual uprisings against masters July 1862: Second Confiscation Act Slaves “shall be deemed captives of war and shall be forever free” Union generals prefer male slaves to use as manual laborers; women and children ignored ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers The Ongoing Fight Against Prejudice in the North and South Although 33,000 northern blacks enlisted many were not allowed to fight, were used for menial labor, denied advancement, paid less than whites. More black men died of disease than white men. Southern blacks escaped from the South encountered exploitation, no pay for enlistment, and raids on their newly accumulated property. ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers BATTLE FRONTS AND HOME FRONTS IN 1863 Disaffection in the Confederacy The Tide Turns Against the South Civil Unrest in the North The Desperate South ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers Disaffection in the Confederacy “scarred and blood-spattered land” widespread hunger Confederate soldiers desert Heroes of America in western North Carolina and “Free State of Jones County” in northern Alabama Women riot in Richmond for bread (April, 1863) ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers The Tide Turns Against the South Burnside’s Slaughter Pen (December, 1862) Chancellorsville, Virginia (May, 1863) Gettysburg (July, 1863) ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers The Battle of Gettysburg, July 1-3, 1863 ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers Civil Unrest in the North High taxes and prices bred resentment Working class loss of life; wealthy buy substitutes for battle Draft brings riots in New York City, Hartford, Troy, Newark, and Boston July 11-15: 105 die, burning of Colored Orphan Asylum and mutilation of victims 20,000 Union troops sent to New York ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers The Desperate South August 21, 1863: A day of “fasting, humiliation, and prayer.” Quantrill’s raid on Lawrence, Kansas French occupation of Mexico Austrian Archduke Maximilian Grant’s successes at Missonary Ridge and Lookout Mountain ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers THE PROLONGED DEFEAT OF THE CONFEDERACY, 1864-1865 White Men’s “Hard War” Toward African Americans and Indians “Father Abraham” The Last Days of the Confederacy ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers White Men’s “Hard War” Toward African Americans and Indians Fort Pillow Confederate General Forrest destroys Union garrison. Black soldiers systematically murdered, survivors bayoneted or burned to death. Sand Creek Union Col. Chivington massacres 125 to 160 Cheyenne and Arapaho ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers “Father Abraham” Election of 1864 Lincoln defeats McClellan Peace Platform Carried majority of army vote: Union troops loyalty to “Father Abraham” Popular Vote Electoral Vote Lincoln 2,213,655 212 (11 secessionist states did not participate McClellan 1,805,237 21 ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers The Last Days of the Confederacy General Lee in need of troops offers freedom to slaves who fight Sherman’s March to the Sea: Savannah by Christmas Andersonville Prison: 13,000 Union soldiers died of starvation Bosque Redondo, New Mexico: Union interns Apache and Navajo, 2,500 die April 9th: Lee surrenders at Appomattox Courthouse April 14th: Lincoln shot at the Ford Theatre by Booth ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers