Transcript 1832-1848 - Pearson Education

1832-1848
CHAPTER
12
Peoples in Motion
CREATED EQUAL
JONES  WOOD  MAY  BORSTELMANN  RUIZ
©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
“I have often, in the deep stillness of
a summer’s Sabbath, stood all alone
along the lofty banks of that noble
bay, and traced, with saddened heart
and tearful eye, the countless
number of sails moving off to the
might ocean.”
Frederick Douglass,
Narrative of the Life of Frederick
Douglass
©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
TIMELINE
1832
1834
1836
1837
1838
1839
1841
1844
1845
1846
Treaty of Payne’s Landing
Philadelphia race riots
National Trades Union formed
The Alamo
Sam Houston, President of the new nation,
Texas
Trail on Which We Cried
Married Women’s Property Law in Mississippi
Amistad case before the Supreme Court
The first telegraph lines
Texas statehood
War with Mexico
©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
TIMELINE
1847
1848
1843
1846
Brigham Young leads Mormons to Salt Lake City
Mexico surrenders and the Treaty of Guadalupe
The Oneida Community established
(Communiarians)
The Oregon Trail and the Great Migration
Canadian-U.S. boundary in northwest established
©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
PEOPLES IN MOTION
Overview
 Mass Migrations
 A Multitude of Voices in the National
Political Arena
 Reform Impulses
 The United States Extends Its Reach
©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
MASS MIGRATIONS
 Newcomers from Western Europe
 The Slave Trade
 Trails of Tears
 Migrants in the West
 Government-Sponsored Exploration
 The Oregon Trail
 New Places, New Identities
 Changes in the Southern Plains
©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
Newcomers from
Western Europe: Irish
 1820s: 50,000 Irish arrived in America
 1830s: 200,000 Irish arrived in America
 1840s-1850s: 1.7 million Irish emigrated to U.S.





The potato famine and English imperialism in Ireland drove emigration
Irish settled mainly in eastern states
Irish Catholics faced with discrimination from Protestant employers
Competition with African Americans for low paying jobs
Violence: 1834: Charleston, MA-Ursuline convent; 1837: Boston City
Guards attacked Irish Montgomery Guards
 By 1850: some success in the U.S. Catholic church and in the Democratic
Party
©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
Newcomers from Western
Europe: Germans
 1831-1850: Over 1/2 a million Germans
arrived in America
 Rebellion in Prussia in 1848 fueled German
immigration
 Also revolutions against the Austrian Empire sent Italians,
Czechs, and Hungarians to the U.S.
 Germans settled mainly in the Midwest
 Farmers, merchants
©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
The Slave Trade
 Slave trade between the Upper South and
the Lower South
 1800-1860: price of a slave increases; 670,000 people
sold, 1 out of every 10 Upper South slave children sold to
Lower South
 Some reasons for sale: workers considered poor or
“uppity”; ready cash; merchants profit from sale
 Mexico abolished slavery in 1829; some Texas slaves
freed
 Voluntary migrations: Slaves ran to northern cities; many
found supportive black communities; but found
competition with white menial workers (Irish)
©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
Expansion of the Cotton Belt and Slave
Trading Routes, 1801-1860
©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
Trails of Tears
 1832: Treaty of Payne’s Landing: Seminoles
out of Florida and to Indian Territory
 Osceola and the Second Seminole War
 Choctaws, Chickasaws, Creeks
 Eneah Emothla and his resistance movement
 Cherokee Nation
 Treaty Party versus John Ross
 1838: Trail on Which We Cried
 Concentration camps, followed by treacherous journey of malnutrition, disease,
family separation, theft by white agents
 4,000 die
©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
Indian Removal
©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
The Oregon Trail
 1834: Protestant missionaries settle near modern day
Walla-Walla, but meet hostile resistance from Indians
 The Great Migration of 1843
 The Oregon Trail: 2,000 miles long, six-month journey
through hazardous environments
 Indian resentment of perceived land grab
 Measles epidemic
©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
Outfitting a
Party of Four
for the Overland
Trail
©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
Western Trails
©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
New Places, New Identities
 In the Midwest and the land between
U.S. and Spanish territories:
 Outside of the South, black became white (for example,
the Gilliam’s experience, see textbook p. 405)
 Tejanos in Texas: Spanish-speaking with North American
culture
 Catholics intermingled with Protestants
 Fur traders easily crossed between Spanish, French,
Native American communities
 Métis: children from white men and Indian women
©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
A MULTITUDE OF VOICES IN THE
NATIONAL POLITICAL ARENA
 Whigs, Workers, and the Panic of 1837
 Suppression of Antislavery Sentiment
 Nativists as a Political Force
©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
Whigs, Workers, and the
Panic of 1837
 Van Buren defeats 3 Whig candidates
with electoral college votes in 1836
 Emerging trade unions and
journeymen
 1834: National Trades Union formed
 Depression brought on by speculation,
crop failures and British loans recalled
©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
Suppression of
Antislavery Sentiment
 1830-1840s: A rise in abolitionist feelings
 Garrison, The Liberator
 American Anti-Slavery Society
 Women empathized with the black struggle
 Whites fear freed blacks taking jobs
 1834: New Haven, CT school for young women of color
attacked
 1837: Alton, Illinois abolitionist Rev. Lovejoy, publisher of
Alton Observor murdered
 1841: Amistad case. John Q. Adams won the Supreme Court
case for the Africans and abolitionists
©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
Nativists as a Political Force
 Nativists: oppose immigration and immigrants
 Fueled by fear: of job loss to immigrants willing to work for
lower wages, of Catholicism, of alcohol, of the “unknown”
immigrant
 Nativist Samuel F.B. Morse and the first telegraph line (1844),
Imminent Dangers to the Free Institutions of the United States
 1844: The American Republican Party
 1849: The Order of the Star-Spangled Banner (the KnowNothing Party)
 The riots of May 1844 in Philadelphia between Catholics and
Protestants
©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
REFORM IMPULSES
 Public Education
 Alternative Visions of Social Life
 Networks of Reformers
©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
Public Education
 Horace Mann, first secretary of board of education in
Massachusetts, “Education…beyond all other devices
of human origin, is the great equalizer of the conditions
of men…”
 Reform movement of Finney’s “perfectability,”
“making angels out of men” prompts schooling to know
only educate, but to promote hard work, punctuality,
and sobriety.
 Mann’s principle not wholly realized
 Slaves forbidden education; free blacks in need of the child’s
labor to survive
 Poor whites do not benefit as the wealthy do
©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
Alternative Visions
of Family Life
 Communitarians
 1825: Robert Owen, New Harmony in Indiana (condemnation of
private property, organized religion, and marriage)
 1848: John Humphrey Noyes, Oneida Community (complex
marriages)
 Women’s rights and temperance
 Women’s rights and abolition
 1839: Married Women’s Property Law in Mississippi
 Elizabeth Cady Stanton
 Transcendentalism: (the primacy of the spirit and the essential
harmony between people and the natural world)
 Margaret Fuller
 Emerson and Thoreau
©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
Networks of Reformers
 Dorothea Dix
 Crusade for mentally ill
 Supported by other prominent reformers
 Feminization of nursing profession
 Abolitionism and Women’s Rights
 Temperance and Women’s Rights
 Margaret Fuller
 Transcendentalisms
©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
THE UNITED STATES
EXTENDS ITS REACH
 The Lone Star Republic
 The Election of 1844
 War with Mexico
©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
The Lone Star Republic
 1835: 1 out of every 8 in Texas was a Tejano; the rest
were U.S. born
 1836: Texians armed (pre-Texas Rangers) and ready for
independence
 February 1836: The Alamo. Santa Anna and Mexican
troops killed 187 Alamo defenders including Crockett
 April 1936: Santa Anna defeated at San Jacinto River. A
new nation declared.
 1837: Sam Houston first president of the Republic of
Texas.
 Texas constitution legalized slavery and prohibited free
blacks.
©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
The Election of 1844
 The Annexation of Texas and Oregon the
big issue (54˚40’ or Fight); slavery ignored
 Democrats: Polk is pro-annexation
 Whigs: Clay is anti-annexation, but later changes policy
 Liberty: Birney (a split among Abolistionists occurs: change
through moral suasion or through politics)
 1846: Polk compromises with Britain and
accepts the 49th parallel as the U.S.Canadian border
©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
War with Mexico
 December 1845: Texas statehood confirmed
by Congress
 The Polk-Slidell California/Texas deal fell
through with Mexico
 January 1846: General Zachary Taylor
provoked armed conflict by crossing the
disputed border between Mexico and Texas
 Dissent from transcendentalists (a land
grab), nativists (more immigration),
abolitionists (Wilmot Proviso)
©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
War with Mexico
 Three-pronged
 Northern Mexico: Gen. Taylor
 New Mexico and California: Gen. Kearny
 Vera Cruz, Gulf of Mexico coastline: General-in-Chief Scott
 The San Paticio soldiers
 Irish soldiers deserted U.S. Army and sided with Mexico citing
atrocities of U.S. on Mexican civilians, and the desire to side with
Catholics against the Protestant U.S.
 September 1847: Mexico City surrendered
and the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo gave
Texas to the U.S. and their northern half in
exchange for $18,250,000
©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
The U.S.Mexican
War
©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers