Transcript chapter 15 - Pearson Education

1789-1803
CHAPTER
9
Revolutionary Legacies
CREATED EQUAL
JONES  WOOD  MAY  BORSTELMANN  RUIZ
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“We must guard as a most valuable
privilege, the freedom and rights of
election. Wherever the wealthy by
influence of riches, are enabled to direct
the choice of public officers, there the
downfall of liberty cannot be very
remote.”
George James Warner, sail maker in
speech on July 4, 1797
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TIMELINE
1789
1787
1790
1791
1792
1793
George Washington inaugurated
French Revolution
Free African Society established
Battle at Maumee River Valley (victory for Miami Indians)
Bill of Rights ratified
Whiskey Tax
Bank of the United States chartered
Congress funds the national debt
Washington reelected
Wollstonecraft’s Vindication of the Rights of Women
Neutrality Proclamation
The English-French war
Reign of Terror
Eli Whitney invents the cotton gin
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TIMELINE
1794
1795
1796
1798
1801
1803
Whiskey Rebellion in Pennsylvania
Pinckney Treaty
Indian cessation of land to U.S.
John Adams elected President
Alien and Sedition acts
Jefferson elected President
War with the Barbary States and the treaty at
Tripoli
The Louisiana Purchase
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REVOLUTIONARY LEGACIES
Overview
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Competing Political Visions in the New Nation
People of Color: New Freedoms, New Struggles
Continuity and Change in the West
Shifting Social Identities in the Post-Revolutionary
Era
 The Election of 1800: Revolution or Reversal?
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COMPETING POLITICAL
VISIONS IN THE NEW NATION
 Federalism and DemocraticRepublicanism in Action
 Planting the Seeds of Industry
 Echoes of the American Revolution in
the Countryside
 Securing Peace Abroad, Suppressing
Dissent at Home
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Federalism and DemocraticRepublicanism in Action
 1793: The English-French war and the
Reign of Terror
 Federalists (Hamilton) sided with the British
and desired a stable, strong central
government
 Democratic-Republicans (Jefferson)
sympathized with the French revolution
(although abhorred the violence)
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Hamilton and the Federalists
 A strong federal government through fiscal
policy
 1790: Congress funded national debt
 1791: Congress issued charter to Bank of the
United States hoping to stimulate the
economy
 1791: Hamilton favored factories to stimulate
growth
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Jefferson and the Democratic-Republicans
 Power to individual states and agricultural
interests
 Favor lower tariffs to benefit farmers and
small consumers
 Opposed the Bank of the United States
 Governments should steer clear of using fiscal
power, and exercise restraint in spending and
avoid debt
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Planting the Seeds
of Industry
 “Report on the Subject of Manufactures”
Hamilton (1791)
 1791: Slater and the cotton thread spinning
machine (Steam Cotton Manufacturing
Company)
 1793: Whitney and the cotton gin
 Manufacturing economy region
 New England to Pennsylvania
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Echoes of the American Revolution
in the Countryside
 Whiskey Rebellion
 1794: President Washington quelled a revolt
in Pennsylvania over federal tax collection
 Resentment of Federalists having power
over rural America
 1799: Another violent opposition to federal
taxes failed in its goals
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Exports of
U.S.
Cotton,
1789-1800
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Distribution of Wealth in the United States
and Europe, 1798
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Securing Peace Abroad,
Suppressing Dissent at Home
 1795: Chief Justice Jay negotiated treaty with England
 England evacuated northern forts and stopped seizures of
American ships in exchange for payments of debts to preRevolution English creditors
 1795: Pinckney Treaty/Treaty of San Lorenzo
 U.S. granted navigation rights on Mississippi
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Election of 1796
1791: President Adams and Tallyrand’s bribe
1798: Alien and Sedition Acts
Convention of 1800 in Paris
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PEOPLE OF COLOR: NEW
FREEDOMS, NEW STRUGGLES
 Blacks in the North
 The Story of Ona Judge
 Manumissions in the South
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Blacks in the North
 Between 1790 and 1804, all northern states abolished slavery.
 1792: Congress restricted militia to whites only.
 Restrictions on blacks in New England and Mid-Atlantic states
included right to vote, jury service, interracial marriage.
 Northern black Americans moved into their own homes,
worshipped in their own churches and celebrated their own
holidays.
 1787: Free African Society
 1794: Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church
 Pinkster, Training Day, Negro Election Day, Coronation Day
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The Story of Ona Judge
 Ona Judge: First Lady Martha Washington’s personal attendant,
and young enslaved woman
 1790: During move to Philadelphia, Ona escaped, and with help
from others went to Portsmouth, NH
 1793: Washington had singed the Fugitive Slave Act: provided
that owner must have a judge’s authorization to seize a runaway
slave
 Washington seeks authorization, saying she had been abducted.
Whipple refuses to have her returned after speaking with Ona.
 At Washington’s death, he stipulated that his slaves be freed. He
had been swayed to anti-slavery thoughts witnessing the black
soldiers of the Revolutionary War.
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Manumissions in the South
 Manumissions: Process in which owners
release selected slaves from bondage
 1782: Virginia lifted ban on manumissions
 10,000 Virginia slaves gained freedom
 1790-1810: Baltimore’s black population
increased by over 5000
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 Growth in the
American Free
Black
Population,
1790-1860
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CONTINUITY AND CHANGE
IN THE WEST
 Indian Wars in the Great Lakes Region
 Indian Acculturation in the West
 Land Speculation and Slavery
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 The Northwest Territory
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Indian Wars in the
Great Lakes Region
 The Northwest Ordinance riled both whites and Native Americans.
 Whites determined to settle and own land; Indians determined to resist
 1790: Miami chief Little Turtle won the battle at Maumee River
Valley over Brigadier General Hamar.
 1794: Little Turtle urged Ohio Confederacy to seek peace, but General
“Mad Anthony” Wayne met Turkey Foot at British Fort Miami. The
Indian warriors were crushed due in part to the refusal of the British to
give them shelter in the fort.
 1795: Indians ceded to U.S. all of present day Ohio and most of
Indiana.
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Indian Acculturation
in the West
 The “middle ground”: Taking some from the
European-American way of life and retaining
Indian customs.
 Alcohol, a crisis among the Indians
 1799: Seneca leader Handsome Lake and the “Good
Message”
 The Spanish attempted to convert Indians
 Chumash
 Karankawas
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The Southwest in 1800
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Land Speculation
and Slavery
 Ohio Company of Associates and
Georgia’s Yazoo Act
 Cotton plantations in Mississippi
Territory
 Laws restricting free blacks
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Western Land Claims of the States
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SHIFTING SOCIAL IDENTITIES IN
THE POST-REVOLUTIONARY ERA
 The Search for Common Ground
 Artisan-Politicians and the Plight of
Post-Revolutionary Workers
 “Republican Mothers” and Other WellOff Women
 A Loss of Political Influence: The Fate
of Non-Elite Women
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The Search for
Common Ground
 Mingo Creek Society: tax resisters
 Society for the Relief of Poor Widows
and Small Children
 African churches
 The church as family: Baptist and
Methodists
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Artisan-Politicians and the Plight
of Post-Revolutionary Workers
 Members of a one craft united and cared for one
another stressing the equality of all white, freeborn
men
 General Society of Mechanics and Tradesmen
 Free men of color took to seafaring jobs
 Canal workers; menial laborers
 Commercial activity created jobs: moving goods,
building, and personal services for merchants
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“Republican Mothers” and
Other Well-Off Women
 1792: Wollstonecraft’s Vindication of the Rights of Women: Equal
education for the sexes
 1801: “A Second Vindication of the Rights of Women” by an
“American Lady”
 “Republican Mothers”: participating in public life as guardians of
home and children
 Academies for women
 Sarah Peirce’s in CT, Susanna Rowon’s in MA
 The School of “good manners”
 Alice Izard, Eliza Southgate Bowne
 “On the Equality of the Sexes” Judith Sargent Murray
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A Loss of Political Influence:
The Fate of Nonelite Women
 Indian women lost the power to
negotiate treaties and land transactions
 Many became indios servientes in
Hispanic households in the southwest
 Free women of color worked domestic
and menial jobs
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THE ELECTION OF 1800:
REVOLUTION OR REVERSAL?
 The Enigmatic Thomas Jefferson
 Protecting and Expanding the National
Interest
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The Enigmatic
Thomas Jefferson
 “I have sworn upon the altar of God eternal hostility
against every form of tyranny over the mind of man.”
 A supporter of slavery
 Notes on the State of Virginia attempted to justify the
exclusion of nonwhites from politics.
 Jefferson’s view of land ownership was opposed to that
of Native Americans resulting in the decline of Indian
land and life.
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Protecting and Expanding
the National Interest
 1801: The war with the Barbary States and
the treaty with Tripoli
 1803: James Monroe and the Louisiana
Purchase
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