Transcript CHAPTER 15
1832–1848 CHAPTER 12 PEOPLES IN MOTION CREATED EQUAL JONES WOOD MAY BORSTELMANN RUIZ ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers “I have often, in the deep stillness of a summer’s Sabbath, stood all alone along the lofty banks of that noble bay, and traced, with saddened heart and tearful eye, the countless number of sails moving off to the might ocean.” Frederick Douglass, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers 1832 1834 1836 1837 1838 1839 1841 1844 1845 1846 TIMELINE Treaty of Payne’s Landing Philadelphia race riots National Trades Union formed The Alamo Sam Houston, President of the new nation, Texas Trail on Which We Cried Married Women’s Property Law in Mississippi Amistad case before the Supreme Court The first telegraph lines Texas statehood War with Mexico ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers 1847 1848 1843 1846 TIMELINE continued Brigham Young leads Mormons to Salt Lake City Mexico surrenders and the Treaty of Guadalupe The Oneida Community established (Communiarians) The Oregon Trail and the Great Migration Canadian-U.S. boundary in northwest established ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers PEOPLES IN MOTION Overview Mass Migrations A Multitude of Voices in the National Political Arena Reform Impulses The United States Extends Its Reach ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers MASS MIGRATIONS Newcomers from Western Europe The Slave Trade Trails of Tears Migrants in the West New Places, New Identities ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers Western Trails ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers Newcomers from Western Europe: Irish 1820s: 50,000 Irish arrive in America 1830s: 200,000 Irish arrive in America 1840s-1850s: 1.7 million Irish emigrate to U.S. The potato famine and English imperialism in Ireland drive emigration Irish settle mainly in eastern states Irish Catholics faced with discrimination from Protestant employers Competition with African Americans for low paying jobs Violence: 1834: Charleston, MA-Ursuline convent; 1837: Boston City Guards attack Irish Montgomery Guards By 1850: some success in the U.S. Catholic church and in the Democratic Party ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers Newcomers from Western Europe: Germans 1831-1850: Over 1/2 a million Germans arrive in America Rebellion in Prussia in 1848 fuels German immigration Also revolutions against the Austrian Empire send Italians, Czechs, and Hungarians to the U.S. Germans settle mainly in the Midwest Farmers, merchants ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers The Slave Trade Slave trade between the Upper South and the Lower South 1800-1860: price of a slave increases; 670,000 people sold, 1 out of every 10 Upper South slave children sold to Lower South Some reasons for sale: workers considered poor or “uppity”; ready cash; merchants profit from sale Mexico abolishes slavery in 1829; some Texas slaves freed Voluntary migrations: Slaves run to northern cities; many find supportive black communities; but find competition with white menial workers (Irish) ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers Expansion of the Cotton Belt and Slave Trading Routes, 1801-1860 ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers Trails of Tears 1832: Treaty of Payne’s Landing: Seminoles out of Florida and to Indian Territory Osceola and the Second Seminole War Choctaws, Chickasaws, Creeks Eneah Emothla and his resistance movement Cherokee Nation Treaty Party versus John Ross 1838: Trail on Which We Cried Concentration camps, followed by treacherous journey of malnutrition, disease, family separation, theft by white agents ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers 4,000 die Indian Removal ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers Migrants in the West The Mormons 1847: After the lynching of a dictorial John Smith and his brother by non-Mormons, Brigham Young leads Mormons from Illinois to Salt Lake City Missionaries in the Northwest 1834: Protestant missionaries settle near modern day Walla-Walla, but meet hostile resistance from Indians 1843-1844: Frémont and the Oregon Trail The Great Migration of 1843 ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers New Places, New Identities In the Midwest and the land between U.S. and Spanish territories: Outside of the South, black can become white (for example, the Gilliam’s experience, see textbook p. 405) Tejanos in Texas: Spanish-speaking with North American culture Catholics intermingle with Protestants Fur traders easily crossing between Spanish, French, Native American communities Métis: children from white men and Indian women ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers A MULTITUDE OF VOICES IN THE NATIONAL POLITICAL ARENA Whigs, Workers, and the Panic of 1837 Suppression of Antislavery Sentiment Nativists as a Political Force ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers Whigs, Workers, and the Panic of 1837 Van Buren defeats 3 Whig candidates with electoral college votes in 1836 Emerging trade unions and journeymen 1834: National Trades Union formed Depression brought on by speculation, crop failures and British loans recalled ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers Suppression of Antislavery Sentiment 1830-1840s: A rise in abolitionist feelings Garrison, The Liberator American Anti-Slavery Society Women empathize with the black struggle Whites fear freed blacks taking jobs 1834: New Haven, CT school for young women of color attacked 1837: Alton, Illinois abolitionist Rev. Lovejoy, publisher of Alton Observor murdered 1841: Amistad case. John Q. Adams wins the Supreme Court case for the Africans and ©2003 abolitionists PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers Nativists as a Political Force Nativists: oppose immigration and immigrants Fueled by fear: of job loss to immigrants willing to work for lower wages, of Catholicism, of alcohol, of the “unknown” immigrant who isolates in their own communities Nativist Samuel F.B. Morse and the first telegraph line (1844), Imminent Dangers to the Free Institutions of the United States 1844: The American Republican Party 1849: The Order of the Star-Spangled Banner (the KnowNothing Party) The riots of May 1844 in Philadelphia between Catholics and Protestants ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers REFORM IMPULSES Public Education Alternative Visions of Family Life ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers Public Education Horace Mann, first secretary of board of education in Massachusetts, “Education…beyond all other devices of human origin, is the great equalizer of the conditions of men…” Reform movement of Finney’s “perfectability”, “making angels out of men” prompts schooling to know only educate, but to promote hard work, punctuality, and sobriety. Mann’s principle not wholly realized Slaves forbidden education; free blacks in need of the child’s labor to survive Poor whites do not benefit as the wealthy do ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers Alternative Visions of Family Life Communitarians 1825: Robert Owen, New Harmony in Indiana (condemnation of private property, organized religion, and marriage) 1848: John Humphrey Noyes, Oneida Community (complex marriages) Women’s rights and temperance Women’s rights and abolition 1839: Married Women’s Property Law in Mississippi Elizabeth Cady Stanton Transcendentalism: (the primacy of the spirit and the essential harmony between people and the natural world) Margaret Fuller Emerson and Thoreau ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers THE UNITED STATES EXTENDS ITS REACH The Lone Star Republic The Election of 1844 War with Mexico ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers The Lone Star Republic 1835: 1 out of every 8 in Texas was a Tejano; the rest were U.S. born 1836: Texians armed (pre-Texas Rangers) and ready for independence February 1836: The Alamo. Santa Anna and Mexican troops kill 187 Alamo defenders including Crockett April 1936: Santa Anna defeated at San Jacinto River. A new nation declared. 1837: Sam Houston first president of the Republic of Texas Texas constitution legalizes slavery and prohibits free blacks ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers The Election of 1844 The Annexation of Texas and Oregon the big issue (54˚40’ or Fight); slavery ignored Democrats: Polk is pro-annexation Whigs: Clay is anti-annexation, but later changes policy Liberty: Birney (a split among abolistionist occurs: change through moral suasion or through politics) 1846: Polk compromises with Britain and accepts the 49th parallel as the U.S.-Canadian border ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers War with Mexico: the set-up December 1845: Texas statehood confirmed by Congress The Polk-Slidell California/Texas deal falls through with Mexico January 1846: General Zachary Taylor provokes armed conflict by crossing the disputed border between Mexico and Texas Dissent from transcendentalists (a land grab), nativists (more immigration), abolitionists (Wilmot Proviso) ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers War with Mexico: the campaign Three-pronged Northern Mexico: Gen. Taylor New Mexico and California: Gen. Kearny Vera Cruz, Gulf of Mexico coastline: General-in-Chief Scott The San Paticio soldiers Irish soldiers desert U.S. Army and side with Mexico citing atrocities of U.S. on Mexican civilians, and the desire to side with Catholics against the Protestant U.S. September 1847: Mexico City surrenders and the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo gives Texas to the U.S. and their northern half in exchange for $18,250,000 ©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers