Transcript File

Biodiversity and
Classification
What is Biodiversity?
 Biodiversity can be defined as the range
of life in an area.
 It includes not only the diversity among
species but the diversity within a
species.
 Recall: A species, as defined by Ernst
Mayer, is a reproductive community of
populations (reproductively isolated
from others) that occupies a specific
niche in nature. i.e. they share DNA
with each other and not other species.
O Scientists believe there may be as
many as 30 million species of
plants, animals and micro-organisms
living on the Earth today. Every one
of them plays a part in the global
ecosystem. Taxonomists have only
identified and named approximately
1.7 million of them so far.
O But classifying organisms is
an attempt to make the
relatedness between species
understood.
O We classify many things
around us to organize and
simplify our lives.
Types of Classification
• religion
• gender
• colour
• size or shape
• social status
• year of manufacture
• monetary worth, etc
Systemics
• Systemics is the branch
of biology that deals
with classifying living
things, both current and
prehistoric.
Taxonomy:
• Taxonomy is the science
of identifying and naming
species and organizing
them into systems of
classification.
O Prior to the time of the Swedish
botanist, Carolus Linnaeus, in the early
18th century, there was no consistent
way of naming and classifying species.
• Linnaeus invented a standardized system
of classifying and naming organisms.
• His system used binomial nomenclature
(two words) for naming organisms.
• He assigned a two-word Latin name to
each organism
O Our taxonomic system
places similar species
into groups and then
breaks these into
subgroups, subsubgroups etc.
KINGS PLAY CHESS ON FINE GRAINED SAND.
This memory device is to help
you remember the taxonomic
levels. The first letter of each
word represents a group in
descending order.
OR
King Phillip Came Over From Greece Secretly!
KINGS PLAY CHESS ON FINE GRAINED SAND
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
KINGS PLAY CHESS ON FINE GRAINED SAND
Kingdom ANIMALIA
Phylum CHORDATA
Class MAMMALIA
Order PRIMATES
HOMONIDAE Family
HOMO
Genus
SAPIENS Species
• An organisms scientific name
comes it’s last two groupings,
genus and species.
• Ex. Humans = Homo sapiens
•
dogs = Canis familiaris
•notice that a scientific name is
italicized or underlined
•genus is capitalized, species
name is not
• most times the species name is
descriptive
•if 2 species are in the same
genus they must be very similar
•ex - Ursus americanus
black bear
U. horribilis
grizzly bear
Scientific names are universal
Phylogenic Trees
O
A phylogenetic tree or evolutionary tree is a
branching diagram or "tree" showing the
imbedded evolutionary relationships among
various species based upon similarities and
differences in their physical and/or genetic
characteristics. The species joined together
in the tree are implied to have descended
from a common ancestor.
Cladogram
O Similar in look to a pedigree, a cladogram
illustrates ancestral relationships between
species but are more modern in the fact
that they use DNA similarities to classify and
divide.
Classification – Then
and Now
Classification
O Historically, all living things have been
classified into 5 kindoms
O 1) Kingdom Monera:
O Bacteria
O Prokaryotic cells (have no nucleus)
O Eg. Streptococcus bacteria
Streptococcus
O Most common form is Streptococcal
pharyngitis (strep throat).
O Some species of Streptococcus are
responsible for meningitis, bacteria
pneumonia and flesh eating disease.
O Some are non-pathogenic – necessary
ingredient in Swiss cheese, also part of the
normal flora of bacteria in mouth, skin,
intestine and upper respiratory tract of
humans.
O 2) Kingdom Protista
O Complex single celled
organisms, some multicellular
O Eukaryotic cells (have
nucleus)
O Protozoa, algae
O Eg. Plasmodium
Plasmodium
O Causes parasitic malaria
O 200 known species, with 11 infecting
humans. Others infect monkeys, rodents,
birds and reptiles.
O Needs 2 hosts in a life cycle, 1 mosquito
vector (does not actually get the infection)
and 1 vertebrate host (gets the infection)
O 3) Kingdom Fungi
O Multicellular, filmentous
form
O Eukaryotic cell
O Eg. Molds, yeasts,
mushrooms
Omphalotus olearius
O The Jack-o-Lantern mushroom is an orange
to yellow coloured mushroom that looks
similar to the chanterelle mushroom.
O Has bioluminescence properties.
O Not poisonous but will cause severe cramps,
vomiting and diarrhea.
O 4) Kingdom Plantae
O Multicellular with specialized
complex cells.
O Eukaryotic
O Can be divided into vascular
(flowering plants, trees) and
non-vascular (mosses, lichen)
Rafflesia arnoldii
O Although technically a
member of the plant
kingdom, Rafflesia
challenges traditional
definitions of what a plant is
because they lack
chlorophyll and are
therefore incapable of
photosynthesis.
O And according to all
accounts of those who have
gotten close enough to tell
they have an odor similar to
a carcass in advanced
decomposition.!
O 5) Kingdom Animalia
O Multicellular with specialized
complex cells.
O Eukaryotic
O Range from invertebrates, to
fish, to reptiles, to amphibians,
to birds to mammals
Reptile
O Completely terrestrial
O
O
O
O
vertebrates.
Scaly skin that can
withstand desiccation.
Expanded lung system
Turtles, crocodiles, lizards,
snakes and tuatara.
Hard shelled eggs that do
not need to be laid in
water.
O
O
O
O
O
Amphibian
3 groups of vertebrates:
frogs, salamanders and
caecilians.
Smooth, scale less skin,
permeable to water.
Active at night and when
it rains.
Can get moisture from
surrounding soil.
Eggs laid in water.
Tuatara
Caecilians
The Domains
O Livings things are not only divided into the 5
kingdoms, we also further divide them into
what is called a DOMAIN.
O These domains account for organisms that
are called extremophiles (organisms living in
extreme environments – too hot, salty,
acidic, etc).
The 3 Domains
O 1) Domain Archaea:
O Prokaryotic organisms living in extreme
environments. The resemble bacteria in
many ways but can survive in environments
that contain methane, sulphur, extreme
temperatures, extreme acidity, etc.
Heat Loving Bacteria
Thermophiles prefer temperatures from 50 to
70 °C (122 to 158 °F), whilst
hyperthermophiles grow better at
temperatures as high as 80 to 110 °C
(176 to 230 °F).
The 3 Domains
O 2) Domain Eubacteria:
O Prokaryotic organism living almost anywhere
(water, soil, atmosphere, skin, etc.) Includes
the Kingdom Monera.
Bacillus anthracis
O Also know as ANTHRAX
O Spore-forming, rod-shaped bacterium, with a width of
O
O
O
O
1-1.2µm and a length of 3-5µm.
Anthrax can be found in 3 forms:
1) Cutaneous: the most common form (95%), causes
a localized inflammatory black necrotic lesion
2) Pulmonary: highly fatal and characterized by
sudden massive chest edema followed by
cardiovascular shock
3) Gastrointestinal: rare but also fatal (causes death
to 25%) type results from ingestion of spores
The 3 Domains
O 3) Domain Eukarya:
O Eukaryotic Cells
O Including Kingdoms Protista, Animalia, Fungi
and Plantae.
Homework
O Read pages 560-561.
O Read pages 566 to 571, excluding ‘The Bacteria’ on
page 571
O Be prepared to answer specifics from those pages.
O Research the full taxonomy (KPCOFGS) names of the
following Manitoba organisms – for hand in:
O
O
O
O
Arctic Fox
Caribou
Canada Goose
Blueberry plant
O Complete PART 1 of the cladogram assignment – for
hand in