Transcript I. Classification

Classification of 2 different
organisms
• Human
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primata
Family: Hominidae
Genus: Homo
Species: Homo sapiens
• Red Maple
Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Anthophyta
Class: Dicotyledones
Order: Sapindales
Family: Aceraceae
Genus: Acer
Species: Acer rubrum
I. Classification
• Classification - grouping of objects or information
based on similarities
• Taxonomy - branch of Biology that deals with the
grouping and naming of organisms.
• 2000 years ago Aristotle - Greek philosopher;
developed first classification
system - Two major groups:
plants (herbs, shrubs, trees) &
animals (live on land, in air
or water)
1707 – 1778 Carolus Linnaeus - Swedish
botanist who developed system of
classification that is still used today - based
on close relationships of organisms.
Binomial nomenclature – 2 name naming system
Genus - a group of closely related species
species - population of interbreeding organisms
capable of producing fertile offspring
Ex: Homo sapiens
There are RULES!
Binomial nomenclature – 2 name naming system
Genus & species
italicized or underlined
Genus name is capitalized and species is lower case
Ex: Homo sapiens
Why use scientific names???
Common Names usually have regional
(location) differences
• Dolphin… dolphin fish… mahi mahi…
porpoise… Huh???
Mountain Lion? Cougar? Puma?
Confusion in Using Different
Languages
for
Names
Common Names
Latin Names are Understood
by all Taxonomists
Scientific Name
Binomial Nomenclature
Common Name
Scientific Name
Taxonomy- the study of classification
1. Why classify? We need a universal system of
naming organisms so that the scientists around the
world know they are studying the same organism
2. It is a useful tool when trying to identify diseases or
pathogens quickly – Ex: poisonous vs. nonpoisonous mushrooms
3. Provides economic advantages when a particular
species produces something useful – Ex: the
Pacific Yew produces taxol which may be used in
treating some forms of cancer.
How Living Things are Classified
1. Taxonomic categories - a hierarchy taxon (taxa-plural):
Kingdom,
Phylum,
Class,
Order,
Family,
Genus ,
species
Taxon- group or level into which
organisms are classified
King Phillip Came Over For Grape Soda
How Are Relationships
Determined?
1. By Evolutionary History (PHYLOGENY)
2. By Development (EMBRYOLOGY)
3. By Biochemistry (MOLECULAR CLOCK)
4. By Behavior
5. Cladistic Analysis
How Are Relationships Determined?
1. By evolutionary history (PHYLOGENY) - common
ancestors, studying modern day life-forms and comparing
them with fossils (ancestors)
*Phylogeny - The evolutionary history for a group of species
2. By development - examining the development stages of
animals for similarities to determine their relationships and
phylogeny
*Ontogeny – the origin and development of a species
3. By Biochemistry - examining composition in DNA &
proteins, more sequences in common mean more closely
related. DNA analysis is studying “Molecular Clock”
4. By Behavior - noting similarities in behavioral patterns
5. Cladistic Analysis- classifying based of derived characters
(appear in recent lineages)
*Cladogram AKA Phylogenetic Tree
Cladogram
• Diagram showing how organisms
are related based on shared,
derived characteristics such as
feathers, hair, or scales
A derived
character
Primate
Cladogram
A Derived
character
A node
Currently…
• 3 Domains: Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya
– 6 Kingdoms: Archaea, Eubacteria, Protista,
Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
The six Kingdoms
Kingdom Eubacteria - True bacteria - prokaryotic
(no nucleus or organelles), unicellular decomposers
or photosynthetic
EX: E. coli, Salmonella, Staphylococcus
aureus
Kingdom Archaebacteria - Prokaryotes, unicellular,
microscopic, thrive in extreme environments like salt,
lakes, swamps & hot springs. Thought to most closely
resemble first life on Earth!
Ex: Methanogens, extreme halophiles
Bacteria Of Boiling Hot Springs
In Yellowstone National Park
Black Smokers on ocean floor
Kingdom Protista - unicellular and multi-cellular organisms that
are either plant-like, animal-like or fungus-like. Eukaryotic and
usually live in moist environments.
Amoeba
Paramecium
Radiolarian
Red Algae
Diatom
Giant Kelps
Kingdom Fungi - Mostly multicellular (yeast are unicellular),
heterotrophic, chitinous cell walls, eukaryotic, absorbs nutrients
obtained by decomposing dead organisms or waste/ detritus
(detritivores/ saprobes). Once classified with Plantae.
Mushrooms
Yeast
Bracket Fungi
Kingdom Plantae - eukaryotic with cell walls of cellulose,
multicellular, stationary, autotrophic, producers
Kingdom Animalia - Multicellular heterotrophs, eukaryotic,
no cell walls, and most with highly organized tissue and
organ systems.