Transcript Chapter 6 Power Point

Chapter 6
Text Pages 180-215
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Makes organisms are easier to study, easier
to find things, easier to compare things
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Classification – the process of grouping things
based on their similarities
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Taxonomy – the scientific study of how living things
are classified
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Aristotle the Greek scholar was the first to
classify (400 BC)
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Observed many animals and recorded their
appearance, behavior, and movement.
◦ Made three groups
 Fly
 Swim
 Walk – Crawl – Run
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He used other differences to subdivide the
groups
Subdivision idea is still used today
◦ Not based on movement or habitat
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Expanded Aristotle’s ideas of classification
◦ Based on observable features
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BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE (2 name, naming system)
◦ Genus – closely related organisms
◦ Species – similar organisms that can mate and
produce fertile offspring in nature
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Scientific name is Felis concolor
◦ Latin, Italicized, Genus is capitalized
Common name is a Puma, Mountain lion or
cougar
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Theory of Evolution has changed classification
◦ evolutionary histories are classified more closely
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Other changes are due to:
 Microscopic structure
 Chemical analysis
 DNA
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Based on Aristotle and Linneaus
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Seven levels of classification
◦ Starts broad and gets specific
◦ Each group has shared characteristics
◦ More levels shared the more the organisms have in
common
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Kingdom  King
Phylum  Phillip
Class  Came
Order  Over
Family  For
Genus  Great
Species  Spaghetti
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Kingdom - Animal
Phylum - Chordata
Class - Mammalia
Order - Primate
Family - Homonidae
Genus - Homo
Species - sapien
The more
levels the
two
organisms
share the
more
characterist
ics they
have in
common
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Field Guides
◦ Books with illustrations that highlight differences
between similar looking organisms
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Taxonomic Key
◦ Paired statements the describe the physical
characteristics
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We now have 3 Domains (above Kingdom)
◦ Bacteria
 All bacteria, prokaryotes
◦ Archaea
 Prokaryotes, differ genetically and cell wall makeup
◦ Eukarya
 Cells that have a nucleus, more complex – have
membrane bound organelles
Specifics later
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“Ancient Bacteria” on Earth for Billions of Years
Might resemble early life forms
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Different chemically than Archaebacteria
Are “everywhere”
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“Odds and ends” kingdom
Both plant and animal like
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Discovered in 1600’s on teeth scrapings by
Anton van leeuwenhock
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Prokaryotic cells
◦ Genetic material not contained in the
◦ Each cell uses energy, grows and develops,
responds to surroundings and reproduces
•Unicellular
•But very tiny
•Live in EXTREME environments
•Do not use oxygen  anaerobic
•Autotrophs make own food
• Heterotrophs feed on others
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Thermus aquaticus
◦ Found in Yellowstone National Park (Hot Springs)
 Boiling Sulfur Ponds (90 degrees Celsius)
 pH level 1
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Methanococcus janischiiwas
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Can be found in raw sewage
Makes methane around ocean vent smokers
Temperature 50 to 86 degrees Celsius
2,600 meters down
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Halobacterium halobium
◦ Found in Great Salt Lake and the Dead Sea
 Both are high salt content areas
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Characteristics
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Prokaryotic
Unicellular
Live EVERYWHERE!!!!!
Autotrophs and Heterotrophs
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Staphlococcus
◦ Outside the body bacteria (think skin)
 Causes
 Pimples
 Blood Poisoning
 Gangrene
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Streptococcus
◦ Inside the body bacteria
 Causes strep throat
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Tuberculosis
◦ Lung infection
◦ Symptoms
 persistent cough
 Coughing up blood
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Anthrax
◦ Different types
 Cutaneous
 On surface of skin
 Inhalation
 Lethal lung infection
Not a Kingdom
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Non-living particle
Does not
◦ use energy to grow
◦ respond to
surroundings
◦ Make food
◦ Take in food
◦ Produce wastes
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Most viruses are
parasites
◦ Cause harm to host
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They infect all 6
kingdoms
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Two basic parts
◦ Outer protein coat
◦ Inner genetic
material
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Vary in
◦ Shapes
◦ Size (but very small)
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Immediately begin
to multiply
Quick death to host
cell
Example
◦ influenza
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“Hide” for a while
◦ Takes time
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DNA of virus
becomes part of
host cell’s DNA
Death to host cell
Example
◦ Cold sore
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Causes AIDS
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How Spread
•
Symptoms
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Treatment
– Acquired
immunodeficiency
syndrome
– Contact with infected
• blood
• semen, vaginal fluid
• breast milk
– Four major transmission
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Unsafe sex
Contaminated needles
Breastfeeding
Birth process
– Fever
– Weight loss
– Chronic fatigue
– No cure
– Manage multiplication
of virus
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HSV-2 -causes
genital herpes
◦ spread through
secretions from the
mouth or genitals
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HSV-1 - affects the
mouth and lips
◦ causes cold sores or
fever blisters
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human
papillomavirus
Most common STD
– 40 different types
In 90% of cases, the
body’s immune
system clears HPV
naturally within two
years.
Other 10% can get
– Genital warts
– warts in the throat
– Cervical cancer
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Prevention
– Vaccines can protect
males and females
against some of the
most common types of
HPV that can lead to
disease and cancer.