Transcript Classification

Classification
Sorting it all out
Why Classify?
• Classification is putting things into orderly groups
based on similar characteristics.
• Allows us to figure how many species there are in the
world
• Tells us the defining characteristics of each species
• Shows us the relationship between species
• Think of a classification system you may use in your
everyday life. Why do you use this system?
Taxonomy
• Taxonomy: the science of describing, naming, and
classifying organisms
• In the 1700’s Carolus Linnaeus discovered the seven
level system of classification that we still use today
These levels of classification incorporate all of
the living organisms of the world. Even though
we are constantly discovering new organisms and
new species, we are able to fit these new species
into Linnaeus’ levels of classification.
Seven Levels of Classification
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Domains
• A three-domain system is used to classify living
organisms. Organisms are placed into domains and
kingdoms based on their cell type, their ability to
make food, and the number of cells in their body.
1.Bacteria (Eubacteria): unicellular prokaryotes (cells lack a
nuclueus),
• Some are autotrophs while others are heterotrophs
• Some are harmful (ex. Strep throat) and some helpful (ex.
yogurt)
• Very common
• Kingdom of Eubacteria
Domains cont…
2. Archaea: unicellular prokaryotes
• Archaea is Greek for “ancient”, these organisms are the
oldest known organisms on Earth
• Some are autotrophs while others are heterotrophs
• Can be found in deep ocean with hot gasses and molten
rock, salty water, swamps, and even intestines of a cow!
• These harsh living conditions are related back to the
ancient world
• Different chemical make-up than bacteria
• Not as common as bacteria
• Kingdom of Archaeabacteria
Domains cont…
3. Eukara: eukaryotes (cells contain nuclei)
• Organisms in this domain can be classified into 4
kingdoms
– Protists
– Fungi
– Plants
– Animals
Kingdoms
• Largest level of
classification
1. Archaebacteria
• Contains similar
phyla
3.Protista
• There are 6
different
kingdoms
5.Plantae
2.Eubacteria
4.Fungi
6.Animalia
Kingdom History
Levels of classification
Animal
Kingdom
Phylum
Chordata
Class
Mammalia
Order
Carnivora
Family
Felidae
Genus
Felis
Species
Felis
domesticus
All animals
are in the
kingdom
Animalia.
All animals
in the
phyllum
Chordata
have a
hollow
nerve
cord.
Most have
a
backbone.
Animals in
the class
Mammalia
have a
backbone.
They also
nurse their
young.
Animals in
the order
Carnivora
have a
backbone,
nurse their
young,
and have
special
teeth for
tearing
meat.
Animals in
the family
Felidae are
cats. They
have a
backbone,
nurse their
young,
have
special
teeth for
tearing
meat, and
have
retractable
claws.
Animals in
the genus
Felis have
traits of
other
animals in
the same
family.
However,
these cats
cannot
roar- they
can only
purr.
The species
Felis
domesticus
is the
common
house cat.
The house
cat shares
traits with all
of the
organisms in
the levels
above the
species
level, but
also has
unique traits.
Which kingdom?
•
Organisms are divided into kingdoms based on….
1.
Cell Type – Prokaryote (no nuclei) or Eukaryote (nuclei)
Which Kingdom cont…
2.
Cell Number- unicellular or multicellular
3.
Feeding Type- autotroph or heterotroph
Key Characteristics of
Domains & Kingdoms
Kingdom
Cell Type
Bacteria
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Cell #
Feeding
Type
Fungi
Cell
Wall
Fact or
Example
Archaebacteria
•
•
•
•
•
•
Ancient bacteria
Live in harsh/extreme environments
Prokaryote
Unicellular
Autotrophs and heterotrophs
Cell wall is present- contains no
peptidoglycan (polymer)
Eubacteria.. Or just plain
bacteria
• When people talk about bacteria, this is the type they usually
mean
• Live in more neutral conditions
• Prokaryote
• Unicellular
• Some autotrophs and some heterotrophs
• Cell Wall present
Nitrifying bacteria
(autotroph)
E.Coli, helps break down food in
Protists
• All eukaryotes that are not plants, animal, or
fungi
• Unicellular and simple multicellular organisms
• There are animal-like protists called protozoans
(no cell wall), that are heterotrophs
• There are plant-like protists like algae (cell wall
present), that are autotrophs
• Slime molds, water molds
• Odds and ends group
Fungi
• Molds and mushrooms
• Unlike plants, fungi Do NOT perform
photosynthesis
• Unlike animals, fungi do NOT eat food
• Heterotrophs, absorb nutrients from substances in
their suroundings
• Reproduce using spores
• Eukaryotic cells
• Multicellular
• Cell wall present
Plants
• Eukaryotic cells, multicellular
• Cell wall present
• Create own food through photosynthesis, making plants
autotrophs
• Plants provide nutrients and habitat for other organisms
Animals
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Complex, multicellular organisms
Eukaryotic
No cell wall present
Usually able to move around, and have specialized sense
organs
Usually have quick response to environment
Animals depend on plants and other animals for food, making
animals heterotrophs
Animals depend on bacteria/fungi to recycle nutrients found
in dead organisms
Simple organisms like worms, insects, corals, and sponges
are also animals
Phylum Examples in Animal
Kingdom
• Chordata- dorsal nervous chord (spinal column)
•
Mollusca- muscular foot, shell
• Cnidaria- Have cnidae (stinging cells), have a nerve
net but no true nervous system, no head, 2 way gut
• Annelida- segmented, bilaterally symmetrical, closed
circulatory system, setae
There are 35 different phyla in the
Animal Kingdom alone!
Classification of Man
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•
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•
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Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Primates
Hominidae
Homo
sapien
Binomial Nomenclature
aka
Scientific Name
• Binomial = TWO terms
• Nomenclature = given NAME
• Linnaeus discovered a scientifically useful way to name organisms
no matter how many common names there may be
– Ex.) In North and South American, a certain large cat is called a
mountain lion by some people, a cougar by others, and a puma still by
others. However, its scientific name is always the same, Felis concolor
– Genus + species = scientific name
– Scientific names are written in italics, the Genus always capitalized and
the species lowercase.
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