Transcript Ch19
When should the U.S. enter into War? When is it right for America to intervene in foreign conflicts? WWI What am I???? What am I???? What am I???? Causes • Imperialism-This will sharpen rivalries • Militarism-diplomacy took a back seat to the build up of armies and navies (arms race) • Nationalism-the “great powers” acted in their own national interest • Alliances-complicated alliances developed to bolster nation’s security Secret Alliances Alliances Sides • Central Powers-Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Ottoman Empire (Triple Alliance) • Allies-Russia, France, Great Britain (Triple Entente) July 1914 • World War I begins May 1915 • German U-boat sinks the Lusitanian (unrestricted submarine warfare) killing 128 Americans March 1916 • German U-boat sinks the Sussex, a French passenger ship • Wilson demands the passage of the “Sussex Pledge” February 1917 • In Zimmermann note, Germany proposes alliance with Mexico March 1917 • Russian Revolution occurs, pulling them out of the war March 1917 • German submarines sink three U.S. ships, the Illinois, Memphis, and Vigilancia April 1917 • U.S. declares war on Germany The War at Home Ch 19 Sec 3 What were some things accomplished by the following wartime agencies and laws? Interesting Facts! • Your brain is most active during this time? – Night • This birds eye is bigger than its brain? – ostrich’s • In this city it is faster to ride a bicycle for most trips of less than 50 minutes! – Tokyo • On average, people fear spiders more than this? – death War Industrial Board • Government control of many industries • Encouraged companies to use mass production techniques • Set production quotas • Increased production by 20% nation wide • Caused corporate profits to soar Railroad Administration • Controlled the nations railroads Fuel Administration • Regulated coal • Rationed gasoline • Introduced daylight savings National War Labor Board • Resolved labor disputes and pushed for improved working conditions • Could lose draft exemption “work or fight” Food Administration • Encouraged public to reduce consumption of food • Gov set high price for wheat and other staples • “Meatless or Wheatless” days Committee on Public Information • Mobilized the nation’s artists and advertisers to popularize war • Propaganda at its height • Inflamed hatred and violation of certain ethnic groups Propaganda Becomes main form of encouragement to help support the war! SOAP (Source/Occasion/Audience/Purpose) World War One Images and Music • Over There, George M. Cohan sung by The American Quartet, 1917 • Sheet Music Art Norman Rockwell I Want You for the U.S. Army James Montgomery Flagg 1917 True Sons of Freedom Charles Gustrine, 1918 Destroy This Mad Brute H.R. Hopps, 1917 Over The Top For You Sidney H. Riesenberg, 1918 Rivets Are Bayonets Drive Them Home! J.E. Sheridan, 1918 Fight or Buy Bonds Howard Chandler Christy 1917 Espionage and Sedition Act • Prosecution of over 2,000 people who spoke up against the war/interfered with the war effort • Restricted immigration Changes Immigrants African Americans Women -Many lost their jobs and were attacked -Fear of spies and espionage lead to a restriction of immigration -The Great Migration -A mass movement of African Americans from the South to the North in search of better jobs/life -Segregated in army and rarely allowed to fight -Took on jobs that they had never done before -Encouraged the passing of the 19th Amendment The War at Home Ch 9 Sec 3 What changes did the war bring about for the following groups of Americans? PREPARING FOR WAR!!! Ch 19 Sec 2 Preparing for War! How did the U.S. raise an Army? – Selective Service Act-authorized a draft – “the war that ends all wars” – 1 million immediately w/ 3 million more to come (called the American Expeditionary Force) – General Pershing will be put in command of AEF How did U.S. soldiers help win the war? – Brought fresh soldiers who would be desperately needed (Germans were 50 miles away from Paris) – African Americans will allowed into the military but were segregated and rarely allowed to fight Preparing for War! How did the United States build its Naval forces? – Allowed anyone to help (African Americans, women, volunteers, etc…) – Converted private ships to war time vessels How did the U.S. Navy help win the war? – Created the convoy system which allowed for troops and supplies to get across the Atlantic safely Technology/Strategy • • • • • • • Machine Guns Artillery that can reach enemy miles away The first tanks First Attack Planes Poisonous Gas Submarines Punish civilians What did the war cost in terms of the number of….. • Civilians deaths – 11 million • Military deaths – 11 million • Injuries – 20 million • Refugees – 10 million • What were the economic costs? – 338 billion dollars End of the War!!!! Ch 19 Sec 4 End of War 1918 14 points • • • • • Dealt with a variety of issues that related to keeping the peace after the war Wanted to keep away from punishing Germany harshly for war 1-5=prevent war 1. Open treaties 2. Freedom of Seas 3. Encourage free trade 4. Arms reduction 5. Interests of colonial people 6-13. Boundary changes and self determination of ethnic and national groups 14. League of Nations End of War 1919 Treaty of Versailles • Forced Germany to take blame for WWI and pay 33 Billion in reparations that they will be unable to pay • This will humiliate Germany End of War 1920 Rejection from Senate • Senate was suspicious of the provision for joint action against aggression • U.S. didn’t want to get dragged into another war • Henry Cabot Lodge was the leader of conservative senators who disliked the Treaty of Versailles End of War 1921 U.S. signs separate treaty • Wilson tries to get Treaty of Versailles passed to no avail • Senate rejects Treaty of Versailles for the last time signing a separate treaty with Germany in 1921 Question to Ponder 1.What were Wilson’s possible political mistakes that cost him congressional support for the Versailles Treaty? 2.Why do you think the allies imposed such harsh conditions on Germany? 3.Were the seeds of the next war being planted at the peace conference? 4.Consider how the war effort may have contributed to the dark mood at the end of the war? Austria-Hungary-declares war on Serbia Alliances Russia-Protector of Serbia, mobilizes army along Austria-Hungary border Russian’s ally, France readies its troops Germany-chief ally of Austria-Hungary begins to mobilize troops on Russian and French border To reach France, Germany invades Belgium Great Britain protectorate of Belgium, declares war on Germany Central and Allied Powers are formed Ottoman Empire joins Central Powers, Italy joins Allied Powers. U.S. stays Neutral!