Transcript America`s History Seventh Edition

James A. Henretta
Eric Hinderaker
Rebecca Edwards
Robert O. Self
America’s History
Eighth Edition
America: A Concise History
Sixth Edition
CHAPTER 21
An Emerging World Power,
1890‒1918
Copyright © 2014 by Bedford/St. Martin’s
I. From Expansion to Imperialism
A. Foundations of Empire
1. Josiah Strong
-Our Country (1885), encouraged Protestants to
spread Christianity overseas; American
“exceptionalism:” United States had a unique destiny to
foster democracy and civilization throughout the world;
2. Alfred T. Mahan
-The Influence of Sea Power upon History (1890),
argued that naval power was essential to empire
building; 1890 Congress approved funding three
battleships; Secretary of State Richard Olney warned
the United States would use these to protect its
Western interests.
I. From Expansion to Imperialism
B. The War of 1898
1. Cuban Rebellion
-Feb. 1895, Cubans began war against Spain;
Spanish build concentration camps. Starvation,
disease common; William Randolph Hearst publicized
plight of the Cubans in newspaper; President
Cleveland wanted the Spanish stop; Successor,
McKinley, ready to take a stand; new Spanish
government offered limited self-rule, effort failed.
I. From Expansion to Imperialism
B. The War of 1898
2. “Remember the Maine”
-Publication of a private letter from Spanish
minister, Dupuy de Lôme, critical of McKinley’s policies;
public opinion against Spain worsened; Maine
exploded and sank in Havana harbor, 260 Americans
killed; “Remember the Maine” became national chant;
no evidence linked Spain to the sinking.
I. From Expansion to Imperialism
B. The War of 1898 (cont.)
3. The Spanish-American War
-Negotiations failed, in April 1898 war began; Teller
Amendment assured Americans that McKinley’s
administration would not try to occupy Cuba;
4. War in the Pacific
-In May 1898, American ships destroyed the
Spanish fleet in Manila Bay; Attention goes to Hawaii
where the US had a base at Pearl Harbor; Hawaii
annexed in July 1898; moved to gain Guam and
Puerto Rico; T. Roosevelt led Rough Riders; Spanish
surrendered in July 1898
I. From Expansion to Imperialism
C. Spoils of War
1. An Armistice
-Spain agreed to liberate Cuba, ceded Puerto Rico
and Guam; McKinley wanted to annex the Philippines
for harbor at Manila; debate; growth of anti-imperialist
leagues but no mass movement.
2. The Philippines
-Spain ceded country in the Treaty of Paris for $20
million; in Feb. 1899, fighting began between
Americans and Filipinos; war lasted three years, 4,200
Americans and 200,000 Filipinos killed;
II. A Power Among Powers
A. The Open Door in Asia
1. The Boxer Rebellion
-United States had demanded an “open door” to
China in 1899, fearing Japan and Europe would
prevent U.S. economic relations with the Chinese;
“Boxers”: secret society of Chinese nationalists,
rebelled against European and Japanese rule in
China in 1900; United States sent 5,000 troops to
aid the Europeans.
II. A Power Among Powers
A. The Open Door in Asia
2. Japan
-Gained strength in Asia in late nineteenth
century; defeated Russia in 1905; RootTakahira Agreement (1908) recognized
Japanese authority over Manchuria and open
commerce; President Taft wanted a greater role
for Americans in Asia, supported Chinese
Revolution of 1911.
II. A Power Among Powers
B. The United States and Latin America
1. The Hay-Pauncefote Treaty (1901)
-Efforts to build a canal across Central America;
treaty recognized sole right of United States to build
and fortify a canal.
2. A “Big Stick”
-Roosevelt wants US to have a strong navy with
rapid access to Atlantic and Pacific; needed a canal;
Congress allocated money to buy land across Panama
from Colombia; aided Panamanians’ independence
movement and recognized it as a new nation in 1903;
Building took 8+years; Panama Canal opened in 1914.
II. A Power Among Powers
B. The United States and Latin America
3. Roosevelt Corollary
-United States had unrestricted right to regulate
Caribbean affairs
4. Wilson and Mexico
-Relations with Díaz positive for investors in late 19th
century; change of government, supported by US, in
1911; Francisco Madero murdered in 1913; Wilson
feared that U.S. interests would be negatively impacted;
U.S. occupation of Veracruz in April 1914; Huerta’s
government collapsed; Carranza victorious; relations
worsened when General “Pancho” Villa killed 16
Americans in New Mexico; clashes between U.S. and
Mexican troops.
III. The United States in World War I
A. From Neutrality to War
1. The Struggle to Remain Neutral
-Wilson was an isolationist. Wanted to influence
the postwar settlement; British naval blockade
made neutrality nearly impossible; German use of
the U-boat began in April 1915; sinking of the
Lusitania antagonized Americans; Wilson pushes
for negotiations but also began to build up the U.S.
armed forces.
III. The United States in World War I
A. From Neutrality to War
2. America Enters the War
-Unrestricted submarine warfare led to a
breakup in U.S.-German relations; Zimmermann
telegram alleged that Mexico might be persuaded
to join a war against the United States to regain
Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona; in April 1917,
Wilson asked for a war declaration.
III. The United States in World War I
B. “Over There”
1. Americans Join the War
-1917, the U.S. Army was small; draft began in
May 1917; General Pershing lead the American
Expeditionary Force; through May 1918, most
fighting done by French and British; revolution in
Russia led to a peace agreement between Germany
and Russia (Treaty of Brest-Litovsk) that gave
Germany part of central Europe, Poland, Ukraine,
and the Baltics; civil war began in Russia; American
forces aided the British and French in forcing a
German retreat by September 1918; armistice signed
III. The United States in World War I
B. “Over There”
2. The American Fighting Force
-Approximately 4 million American men served in
the U.S. military; 400,000 African Americans;
services were segregated with intense racial
discrimination; over 50,000 U.S. soldiers killed in
action; 63,000 died of disease (influenza); 8 million
deaths combined from the Allied and Central Powers.
III. The United States in World War I
C. War on the Home Front
1. Mobilizing the Economy
-U.S. companies sold goods to Europe; U.S.
banks lent capital to other nations; War Industries
Board (WIB) July 1917 - direct military production;
Fuel Administration introduced daylight saving time
to save coal and oil; Food Administration (August
1917): “Food will win the war”; 1918 National War
Labor Board (NWLB) established eight-hour day for
workers with time-and-a-half overtime pay and
endorsement of equal pay for women;
III. The United States in World War I
C. War on the Home Front
2. Promoting National Unity
-Committee on Public Information (CPI), led by
George Creel, propaganda agency to educate
people about democracy, assimilating immigrants;
campaign for “One Hundred Percent Americans;”
American Protective League sent to spy on
Americans searching for peace activists, draft
evaders; Espionage Act and Sedition Act
(1917/1918) led to the convictions of more than
1,000 people; U.S. Supreme Court mostly
supported the legislation
III. The United States in World War I
C. War on the Home Front (cont.)
3. Great Migrations
-Over 400,000 African Americans moved from
South to North for wartime work; discrimination
and racism in the North, but better living /
working conditions; from 1917–1920, 100,000
Mexicans entered United States for work.
III. The United States in World War I
C. War on the Home Front (cont.)
4. Women’s Voting Rights
-The National Woman’s Party (NWP) and the National
American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)
hoped patriotism by women would aid the cause of
suffrage; Alice Paul led the NWP with a confrontational
approach, including protests at the White House in
July 1917 that led to arrests; in Jan. 1918, supports a
constitutional amendment for woman suffrage as “war
measure;” House of Representatives passes 19th
Amendment in 1919, US ratified amendment in August
1920; other countries granted women voting rights
after WWI: USSR, Great Britain, and Canada.
IV. Catastrophe at Versailles
A. The Fate of Wilson’s Ideas
1. “Peace among equals”?
-At Versailles, France, Britain, and the US
rejected Japanese declaration of racial equality;
desire to punish Germany for the war was intense;
Germany forced to pay $33 billion in reparations
and give up coal supplies, merchant ships, patents,
and some territory to France; nine new
independent states.
2. Mandates
IV. Catastrophe at Versailles
A. The Fate of Wilson’s Ideas
2. Mandates
-Central Powers’ colonies in Africa were
dismantled and assigned as mandates instead of
being granted freedom; British mandate in
Palestine (now Israel) led to thousands of Jews
moving there for land; Wilson suggested a League
of Nations.
IV. Catastrophe at Versailles
B. Congress Rejects the Treaty
1. Debate
-Republican Party hostile toward treaty and
continued U.S. involvement in world affairs; treaty
failed.
2. Failure
-Wilson’s health never recovered fully after a
stroke in 1919; United States did not ratify treaty or
join League of Nations; emerged from the war a
world power.