Transcript The US and the First World War

The US and the First World War
Mr. Pagliaro
Seymour High School
@PagsAPUSH
Part 1 World War I Begins
• Objectives:
–Identify the long-term causes and the
immediate circumstances that led to
World War I.
–Describe the first two years of the war.
–Summarize U.S. public opinion about the
war.
–Explain why the United States entered
the war.
Key terms
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Allies (Triple Entente)
Central Powers
Franz Ferdinand
“no man’s land”
Trench warfare
Lusitania
Zimmerman Note
Causes: The Dual Alliance
• Pact between
Germany & AustroHungarian Empire
– Negotiated by
Chancellor Otto von
Bismarck
• Linked empires of
Kaiser Wilhelm II (G)
and Emperor Franz
Joseph (A-H)
• Led to Central Powers
The Austro-Hungarian Empire
Triple Entente - 1907
• Alliance among France,
Britain, and the Russian
Empire led by:
– Raymond Poincaré President of France
– Georges Clemenceau Prime Minister of
France
– Tsar Nicholas II of Russia
– King George V, GB
Nicholas II
George V
Allied powers, pre-World War I
June 28, 1914
• Serb Gavrilo Princip
assassinated
Archduke Franz
Ferdinand
– Possible Anarchist
conspiract; The Black
Hand
– started chain
reaction
– Led to first World
War.
Belligerents
Allied (Entente) Powers
France
British Empire
Russian Empire(1914–17)
Italy (1915–18)
Japan
Belgium
Serbia
Romania (1916–18)
Greece (1917–18)
Portugal (1916–18)
Montenegro (1914–16)
Brazil (1917–18)
United States (1917–18)
•
Central Powers
German Empire
Austria-Hungary
Ottoman Empire
Bulgaria (1915–18)
American Neutrality
• Wilson announced American
neutraility
– Consistent w/ American tradition
– Demanded neutrality be respected on
high seas
• Americans sided w/ England & France
Trench
Warfare
No man’s land
Air warfare
U-Boats
• 1915-Lusitania disaster
– 1,198 killed; 128 Americans
• 1917-Germany declared unrestricted submarine
warfare
Zimmerman Note
• 1917-Germay wanted alliance w/ Mexico vs. USA
– Offered return of lands taken in Mexican-American War
• Intercepted by British
• Wilson’s Response
– Violated American Free Shipping
• Killed Americans
• Interfered w/ Mexico
– American crusade:
• …to make the world safe for democracy!
Part 2 American Power Tips the Balance
• Objectives
– Describe how the United States mobilized
for war.
– Summarize U.S. battlefield successes.
– Identify the new weapons and the medical
problems faced in World War I.
– Describe U.S. offensives and the end of the
war.
Key Terms
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Selective Service Act
Convoy system
Sgt. Alvin York
Conscientious objector
Mechanized warfare
Capt. Eddie Rickenbacker
John J. Pershing
Selective Service
• May 18, 1917
• Males, 21-30, required to
register for draft
–1918, expanded to 18-45
• Total enrollees: 24 million
–2 million drafted by lottery
»1/5 foreign born
American Recruitment
• Use of Uncle Sam
Minority groups in Military
• Women
– non-combatant military position
– 13,000 enrollees
– Navy, Marines = ; Army treated women < men
• African-Americans
– Segregated units
– 1st black officers
– Proportionally, twice as many in Army vs. US pop.
“Building the Bridge to France”
Government promoted ship building
1. Exempted ship builders from draft
2. Promoted ship building
3. Assembly through fabrication
4. Converted/commandeered all new ships for
war
Convoy System
Convoy System
American Expeditionary Force
• John J. Pershing
– “Black Jack”
– Led Buffalo soldiers on Great
Plains
– Hunted Pancho Villa in 191617
– Led AEF in Europe
• Fought separate of Allies in 1918
American Expeditionary Force
• American Soldiers
– “Doughboys”
• Over there, over there,
Send the word, send the
word over there---That
the Yanks are coming!
• “Lafayette, we are here!”
American Expeditionary Force
• Sgt. York
– Attempted conscientious
objector
– “Hero” took German
machinegun nest
• “single-handedly” Captured
32 guns & 132 Germans,
killed 28
American Expeditionary Force
• Eddie Rickenbacker
– American “Ace”
End of the War
• Early 1918-Russia withdrew due to Revolution
• October 1918 - American aggression
– Allies defensive war
• November 1918-Germany “mutiny”
• 11/11/1918 – Armistice
– Only other truces: Christmas Truces, 1914
End of the War
World War I Results
Part 3: The Homefront
• Key Objectives:
– Explain how business and government cooperated
during the war.
– Show how the government promoted the war.
– Describe the attacks on civil liberties that
occurred.
– Summarize the social changes that affected
African Americans and women.
Key Terms
•
•
•
•
•
•
War Industries Board (WIB)
Bernard M. Baruch
George Creel
Committee on Public Information
Espionage and Sedition Acts
Great Migration
War Industries Board
• Led by Bernard M. Baruch
– Encouraged mass production
– Industrial output increased 20%
• Fuel Administration
– Gasless Sundays
– Daylight savings
National War Labor Board
• Led by Taft
– 6,000 Strikes
• “Work or fight”
– Promoted regulating working conditions
Committee on Public Information
• American Propaganda
• Machine
• Led by George Creel
• Promote support
–Encouraged buying war
bonds
–Portrayed Germany as
murderous
Food Administration
• Led by Herbert Hoover
– Food conservation for war
effort
– Gospel of the Clean Plate
• Meatless Mondays
• Wheatless Wednesdays
– Victory Gardens
Food
Administration
Propaganda
Espionage & Sedition Acts –
1917 & 1918
• No speaking out against
America or Allies
• Against:
– Socialists
– IWW members
• Extremely reactionary
– Clarence Waldron
• Minister
• Preached pacifism
– Sentenced 15 years
The Great Migration
• 20% of African-Americans moved North
• Causes:
– Jim Crow laws
– Need for labor in war industry
Exodus from South
• 1915-majority of African-Americans in South
– Moved to Midwestern & Northern cities
# of African Americans in Southern
States after Civil War
Estimated African
American
population of
Southern States;
Multiply x 1000
Part 4: Wilson Fights for Peace
• Key Objectives:
–Summarize Wilson's Fourteen Points.
–Describe the Treaty of Versailles and
international and domestic reaction to it.
–Explain some of the consequences of the
war.
Key Terms
•
•
•
•
•
•
Fourteen Points
League of Nations
Treaty of Versailles
reparations
war-guilt clause
Henry Cabot Lodge
The Peace Process
The following telegram was sent through the Swiss government and
arrived in Washington, D.C., on 5 October 1918:
• The German Government requests the President of the United
States of America to take steps for the restoration of peace, to
notify all belligerents of this request, and to invite them to delegate
positions for the purpose of taking up negotiations. The German
Government accepts, as a basis of peace negotiations, the
Programme laid down by the President of the United States in his
message to Congress of 8 January 1918, and his subsequent
pronouncements, particularly in his address of 27 September 1918.
In order to avoid further bloodshed the German Government
requests to bring about the immediate conclusion of an armistice
on land, on water, and in the air.
• —Max, Prince of Baden, Imperial Chancellor
Negotiating Peace
• Wilson had offered
since 1914 to
broker peace
– Developed
Fourteen Points
Peace Plan
• Incorporated into
1919 Treaty of
Versailles
Treaty of Versailles
• Wilson’s Fourteen Points called for:
 Open international diplomacy
 No secret alliances
 Freedom of the Seas
 Creation of League of Nations
 Preserve peace & security of members
 Arms reduction
 Consideration and nationalism for all ethnic
groups
League of Nations
League of Nations
Creation of Weimar Germany
• New Borders, post-WWI
to
Nations created by Treaty
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Poland
Czechoslovakia
Yugoslavia
Iraq
Syria
Lebanon
Israel
Jordan
Weaknesses of Treaty
1. Humiliation of Germany-militarily, politically,
economically
2. Exclusion of new Bolshevik Russia
3. International instability due to treatment of
colonial peoples
Stripping Germany’s Power
• Germany required to pay $33 billion
reparations
• Demilitarization
• War-guilt clause
– Blamed Germany alone for war
• Kaiser Wilhelm II considered war criminal
Senate opposed Treaty
• Senate had power to approve treaties
– Henry Cabot Lodge leads Republicans against
ratification
• Lodge Amendments
– Changed treaty regarding US and League of Nations
– Senate did not ratify Treat
• US signed separate peace w/ Germany -1921
– Never joined L.o.N.