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The Road to War
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Causes of World War I
The Road to War
 Imperialism
– Search for new colonies in
– ____________________ - prime colonies
– _______ - newcomer but colonized Korea,
Taiwan, & parts of China
– _______ – new but lacking in strength
– __________ was the youngest country, and was
trying to establish itself as an empire
The Road to War
 Militarism
Belief that
Buildup of
Military has a great deal of control over the
Largely a product of the industrial
revolution; as countries industrialized they
began to see themselves as
The Road to War
 Nationalism
 Defined
simply as pride in one’s country
 _______________ to the ‘nth’ degree
 Countries acted solely in their own
 Pride in country centered around 1
ethnicity; other groups were inferior
 Groups that want their own country’s
(Kurds)
The Road to War
 Alliances
–
European powers that pledged
–
Took what should have been an isolated
incident and expanded it into a
Countries think they are invincible because
of their alliances
–
The Road to War
Balkan
Peninsula
1908
The Road to War
The spark that ignited the powder keg:
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Bosnia was a province of the AustrianHungarian empire
Archduke Ferdinand visited Sarajevo on June
28, 1914
He was assassinated by Gavrilo Princip
On July 28, 1914 Austria-Hungary declared
war on Serbia
The Road to War
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____________’s ally, Russia, prepares for war
against Austria-Hungary
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___________’s ally, France, follows suit
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_________________’s allies, Germany and the
Ottoman Empire, declare war
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____________ remains neutral until it is
invaded by Germany. Then ____________ and
its ally, the ________________, join with
France
The Road to War
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Central Powers - Germany, AustriaHungary, and later the Ottoman Empire,
and Bulgaria
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Allied Powers - Serbia, Russia, France,
Belgium, United Kingdom, and later
Italy, Romania, Japan and the USA
The Great War begins
The _________________ Plan:
The Great War
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Germany invaded
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Came within 30 miles
of
Offensive by French
& British held them
back at the
___________ warfare
began in September of
1914
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The Great War
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New weapons machine guns, poison
gas, airplanes, Big
Bertha and
submarines made
warfare deadlier
than ever
The Great War
Germans reached a
Russians invaded to their east - became a
________________ for the Germans
Germans use _______________ to try to
cut-off supplies and troop movements
from the United Kingdom
British __________________ the North
Sea and created severe food shortages in
Germany
The Great War
Offenses
Verdun – German offensive
Feb. 24, 1916 – Dec. 18, 1916
Germans used poison gas on the French
No strategic gain for either side
Casualties
French
German
Total casualties
-
The Great War
Somme – offensive by French/British forces
July 1, 1916 to November 18,1916
Used tanks in battle (with little effect)
Offensive ended with Allied Forces gaining a
total of 18 kilometers
Casualties
British
French Germans Total –
The Great War
America declares it ____________ and
continues to trade with both sides
 1/3 of the American population was made
up of
 Irish immigrants side with the Central
Powers
 Many Americans oppose warfare and
militarism on principle and want to stay
out of the war
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The Great War
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Gradually public opinion shifts toward the
Allied Powers
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Propaganda plays a major role in this shift
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Business leaders pressured Congress to prepare
for war to protect their trade and assets in the
U.K. and France
The United States Declares War
“__________________” ended when the
British began arming merchant ships
 Early in 1915 Germany advised
Americans not to travel on British liners
 ________________ traveled from New
York to the U.K. in May, 1915 with over
1200 passengers and miscellaneous cargo
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The United States Declares War
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German U-boat
encountered the
Lusitania in the Irish
Sea
Fired a torpedo and the
Lusitania sank within a
few minutes
Over 1200 people,
including 128
Americans, died
German claimed the
Lusitania was
transporting weapons
The United States Declares War
Immediate demands were made to
declare war on Germany
 President Wilson urged patience
 Germans
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War was averted in 1915
 Wilson vowed in 1916 to stay out of the
war
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The United States Declares War
American industries continued to do
business with the British
 _______________ were not very effective
 Cut off from _____________ by British
blockade
 American banks lent _______________
millions of dollars during the war
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The United States Declares War
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Early in 1917 Germans reneged on their
pledge and began
Under pressure from the USA they made
the ________________, again promising
not to shoot on unarmed vessels
 Within weeks they again
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The United States Declares War
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The Russian Revolution began in February,
1917.
Overthrew the monarchy and soldiers mutinied
Allied position weakened – fighting shifted to
the Western front
USA had been reluctant to support Tsar
Nicholas
USA needed to protect their investment in the
Allied Powers
The United States Declares War
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_____________________ was intercepted and
made public
– Mexico was having their own problems
–
April 1916, ___________ had made a raid into
New Mexico and killed 18 Americans
–
_______________ chased Pancho Villa around
Mexico for over a year
American army looked inept
–
The United States Declares War
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Note was intercepted by the British and turned
over to the Americans in March, 1917
From German _____________________to
__________________________to Mexico
Proposed an alliance between Mexico and
Germany
In return for assistance in WWI, they would help
Mexico
The United States Declares War
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American bankers and
industrialist pressured
Wilson to declare war
Russian Revolution put
pressure on the Allies
Zimmerman note
angers US citizens
Reneging of the Sussex
Pledge built antiGerman sentiment
On April 2, 1917
President Wilson
asked Congress for a
declaration of war
against Germany.
Congress quickly
complied
Americans on the European Front
Americans on the European
Front
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America needs time to prepare for war
Americans on the European
Front
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___________________________ - May 1917
– Males age 21-30 required to register
– By wars end, ______________ were actually
drafted
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Thousands of women volunteered to serve as n
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______________________ - commander of US
troops in Europe
Americans on the European
Front
1917
 Troops sent to basic training, then
Europe
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Convoy system reduced losses
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American Expeditionary Force - called
doughboys
Americans on the European
Front
1917-1918
 Trench warfare continued in France
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Germany signed a ________________
with Russia in March, 1918
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The Allied Powers struggled to hold the
lines - Germans were within 37 miles of
Paris (again)
Americans on the European
Front
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Aircraft were successfully utilized in World
War I by both sides
Dogfights, reconnaissance, and bombing
raids
 Both sides had heroes – aces (5 confirmed
kills)
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Americans on the European
Front
 In
______________ the Americans
entered the fighting in force
 By
_________________ the Germans
were in full retreat
Americans on the European
Front
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Troops were strictly segregated - African
Americans, Latinos, and Indians served in
separate units with ‘white’ officers
–
–
–
369th infantry
Ending the War
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Bulgaria and the
Ottoman Empire
made a separate
peace with the Allies
Austrian-Hungarian
Empires collapsed as
Poles, Czechs, and
Slovaks, declared
independence
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Germans ordered
their fleet in Kiel to
leave and confront
the British
Instead, on October
29th they mutinied
Kaiser fled to
Holland on
November 10th
Armistice
signed on
Outbreak
___________ virus was introduced to
Europe by ______________ in 1918
 Within months, it spread around the
world
 Virus – death from secondary infections
 Approximately 500,000 Americans and
______ million worldwide died from
Influenza
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Final Tallies
Americans lost 126,000
 Russia, Germany, France, and AustriaHungary each lost over 1,000,000
 British lost 900,000
 Total killed is estimated at 8,500,000
killed in battle
 More died from disease and starvation
during and after the war
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Genocide in Armenia
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1915 to 1918
“The Armenian Genocide, the first genocide of
the 20th Century, occurred when two million
Armenians living in Turkey were eliminated
from their historic homeland through forced
deportations and massacres.” (United Human
Rights Council)
Between 75 and 90% of their total population
were killed
Genocide in Armenia
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October 7, 2007
“ANKARA, Turkey — Turkey, which is a
key supply route to U.S. troops in Iraq,
recalled its ambassador to the U.S. on
Thursday and warned of serious
repercussions if Congress labels the killing
of Armenians by Turks a century ago as
genocide.” (Torchia, Christopher; US News &
World Reports)
Lasting Effects
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Map of Europe was redrawn - entire countries
disappeared and new ones emerged
–
See Treaty of Versailles in section 4
Americans on the Home Front
Americans on the Home Front
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Mobilizing the nation
Americans on the Home Front
Financing the war:
–
raised 15 billion dollars directly from people
 Raised
more than 20 billion dollars
 Propaganda posters related buying bonds to
patriotism and/or saving our soldiers lives
Americans on the Home Front
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War Industries Board
 allocated
 established
 asked
production priorities
business leaders to comply but threatened
them with __________________their industry if
they refused.
 most complied and made huge profits off of the
wartime production.
Americans on the Home Front
Lever Food & Fuel Control Act - 1917
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Food Administration
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guaranteed high prices to
farmers
asked Americans to
voluntarily conserve meat
and wheat
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Victory Gardens
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rationed meat, sugar,
and other scarce
products
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Fuel Administration
asked Americans to
conserve coal and oil
closed factories due to
coal shortages
Forbid coal miners
from going on strike
Americans on the Home Front
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Enforcing Loyalty
–
–
–
Committee on Public Information
Focus was propaganda for the war effort
Movies and newspapers were censored
Americans on the Home Front
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“Hate the Hun”
Americans on the Home Front
Suppressing
•
opposition
_____________ (1917) – became a crime to
utter, print, write, or publish....(anything
negative about) the government, the flag, the
military, the draft, war bonds, or the arms
industry.
Americans on the Home Front
•______________ (1918) strengthened
the Espionage Act
•___________________ (1919) the
supreme court upheld these acts because
words could represent ____________
______________________ in times of
war
Americans on the Home Front
Over 1000 dissenters were imprisoned,
including __________________ and
members of the IWW
 Others were attacked by vigilantes and
beaten or lynched
 Personal freedoms and the Bill of Rights
were seen as secondary to the war effort
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Americans on the Home Front
Social Mobility for Women
& Minorities
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Great Migration –
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After the war, most
remained in the north
but struggled to keep
their jobs
Americans on the Home Front
Social Mobility for Women & Minorities
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Over 400,000 women
took care of the farms,
ran small businesses,
and worked in
factories
Global Peacemaker
Treaty Of Versailles
Armistice of November 11, 1918 simply
ended the war
 _______________ - France, England, USA,
and Italy - met in Paris in January 1919 to
discuss the actual peace treaty
 President Wilson arrived with his
______________ for peace
 The other 3 were more interested in
_______
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Treaty Of Versailles
Treaty was finally signed at Versailles in
May of 1919
Germany admitted responsibility for the
war.
War _______________ due from
Germany (32 billion)
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_______________
was formed
Treaty Of Versailles
_______________
became a DMZ, up to 31
miles past the Rhine
_____________ occupied by the Allies for 15
years
________________ (a disputed territory
between France and Germany) was returned to
France
__________ became independent
German port of ___________ would be open to
Poland
Treaty Of Versailles
______________________
was
created out of the Sudetenland and part
of Austria-Hungary
________________ was created from
Serbia, Bosnia-Herzogenia, Croatia,
Slovenia, and Macedonia
Germany’s military was disarmed
Treaty Of Versailles
Lost
Africa
colonies:
to the League of Nations, to be
administered by the British and French
Asia to the League of Nations, to be
administered by Australia, New
Zealand, and Japan
Treaty Of Versailles
Germany’s
new Republic would
have democratic elections
Re-established independent states of
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Treaty Of Versailles
President Wilson agreed to the treaty,
even though he opposed many of the
provisions
 Treaties in the USA have to be ratified by
the Senate
 The Senate refused to ratify the treaty
 They eventually wrote their own treaty
declaring the war over
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Treaty Of Versailles
President Wilson toured the USA trying
to gain support for the League of Nations
 He had a stroke and was incapacitated
September, 1919 - March, 1920
 ____________ ran the country for over
six months
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Other changes:
_________________ was lost; Turkey is
all that remains
 ____________________ was lost and the
Soviet Union was born
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The War Finally Ends
Americans were tired of European problems
and wanted to remain isolated from future
problems
 America entered the “roaring 20’s” soon
after and put the war behind them
 In spite of American’s willingness to forget
it, the world changed forever due to this war
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