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Foreign Policy

Monroe Doctrine:
Example: Mexico achieved independence from
Spain in 1821, after an 11 year war. Spain could
not re-colonize it.
Foreign Policy

1898 – Spanish American War
o
o
o
o
o
“Jingoism” and yellow journalism
Started to assist Cuba in their quest for
independence from Spain
Sent USS Maine to Havana to protect Americans
– Blown up in Havana Harbor
Spread quickly to Spanish held territories in Asia
Result – America acquired ___ new territories
Spanish-American War
__________ – remains unincorporated US
territory
 __________– now an incorporated US
territory
 ______ – allowed to become independent
only after including “Platt Amendment” to
their constitution

–
Platt Amendment allows American interference
for virtually any reason (Military intervention 5
times between 1906 and 1961)
Philippine Insurrection

Philippine Islands
–
–
–
–
–
After throwing off Spanish rule, sought
independence
USA refused
Filipinos fought unsuccessfully for over 2 years
Lost approx. ___________ people, more than
half civilians
Allowed independence after __________
On March 7, 1906, US troops under the
command of Major General Leonard Wood
massacred as many as 1,000 Filipino
Muslims, known as Moros, who were taking
refuge at Bud Dajo, a volcanic crater on the
island of Jolo in the southern Philippines.
US soldiers pose for the camera in the
aftermath of the massacre. (Photo from The
National Archive)
Foreign Policy

Roosevelt Corollary
–
–
–
USA would intervene in
domestic issues in the
Western hemisphere if
security was an issue
“____________________
____________and you
will go far.”
___________ Diplomacy
– Panama Canal
Foreign Policy

Taft’s ____________________
–
–
Financial support to regimes that supported
the USA government and industry
Protect US financial interest with the military
if necessary
“…United States shall extend all proper
support to every legitimate and beneficial
American enterprise abroad. “ William
Howard Taft
Foreign Policy

Wilson’s ___________________
–
–
–
–
condemn
spread
stay out of
reverse previous mistakes
 The
–
Philippines –
Granted territorial status and step toward future independence
 Puerto
–
Rico –
Puerto Ricans became naturalized citizens, granted by
Congress, not the Constitution. They do not have full rights.
(Amended in 1940 to full citizenship)
Canal – ended free tolls for American
companies
 Panama
Foreign Policy - Mexico:
–
Background
–
(1810 – 1866) Conflicts with Spanish,
French, and their own governments – power
changed hands several times
–
(1876 – 1911) President Porfirio Diaz
assumed power
–
*repressive regime
–
*increased industrial strength and foreign
investment
–
*benefited wealthy landowners and
foreigners
Madero – Wealthy landowner that ran for
office and lost – started the Mexican
Revolution that toppled Diaz; Madera became
President.
Victoriano Huerta and others overthrew
Madera in a coupe 1913
Rebel leaders Venustiano Carranza, Francisco
“Pancho” Villa and Alvaro Obregon
continued to fight
Zapata – Native American Revolutionary in
the south
Mexico:


US Intervention (1913-1914)

Wilson refused to recognize Huerta

Tampico Incident – US sailors from the USS Dolphin
were arrested in the port of Tampico and released
unharmed. Infuriated Americans.

Germany sent an arms supply to Mexico to aid
Huerta; Americans seized the port of Vera Cruz

Argentina, Brazil, Chile (ABC) organized a proposal
for a provisional government and Huerta was ousted
in 1914.
Mexico:

–
Revolution Winds Down – 1915
–
After Huerta fled, Villa and Zapata controlled
2/3 of Mexico
–
Venustiano Carranza returned to Mexico and
became “1st Chief”
–
The US recognized Carranza
Mexico:
Pancho Villa’s raid
10 civilians, 8 soldiers died; town was
destroyed; 100 Mexicans died
_________________________entered Mexico
to apprehend Villa
After searching for almost a year, Wilson
recalled him.
Mexico:

–
1916 - V. Carranza called a constitutional
convention and re-organized the government
–
Called for placing public welfare above
individual interests
–
Nationalized ______________________.
–
1917 – received __________________from
Germany
Moralistic Diplomacy Failures
Haiti – invaded & occupied for 19 years; 10,000
Haitians died resisting (1915-1934)
–

–
–
–
–
USA sent navy to Haiti 26 times between 1849 and
1913
Dominican Republic – invaded and occupied
for 8 years (1916-1924)
Mexico – Chasing Pancho Villa (1917)
Cuba and Panama (1918)
World War I – could not maintain a biased
neutrality
The Road to War

Causes of World War I
1.
Imperialism
1.
Militarism
1.
Nationalism
1.
Alliances
The Road to War
 Imperialism
– Search for new colonies in
–
–
–
–
France & United Kingdom - prime colonies
Japan - newcomer but colonized Korea, Taiwan, &
parts of China
_________ – new but lacking in strength
_________, youngest country, trying to establish
an empire
The Road to War
 Militarism
Belief that a countries problems can be solved
with
Buildup of military forces
Military has control over ______________
_________________- as countries
industrialized they began to see themselves as
invincible
The Road to War
 Nationalism
 Defined
simply as pride in one’s country
 _____________ to the ‘nth’ degree
 Countries acted solely in their own self-interest
 Pride in country centered around
_____________; other groups were inferior
 Groups that want their own countries (Kurds)
The Road to War
 Alliances
–
–
–
European powers that pledged mutual
protection
Took what should have been an isolated
incident and expanded it into a _____________
Countries thought they were ______________
because of their alliances
The Road to War
The spark that ignited the powder keg:




________ was a province of the AustrianHungarian empire
________________visited Sarajevo, capital of
Bosnia on June 28, 1914
Assassinated by _______________
July 28, 1914 ___________ declared war on
__________
The Road to War
Serbian killed F.F.
A-H declared war on Serbia
Germany allied
w/ A-H
Russia allied
w/ Serbia
World War I
U.K. allied
w/ Belgium
France allied
w/ Russia
Germany invaded France
through Belgium
The Road to War

Central Powers –

Allied Powers –
The Great War begins
_______________:
The Great War
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Germany invaded
France via Belgium
Came within 30 miles
of Paris
Offensive by French
& British held them
back at the Marne
Trench warfare began
in September of 1914
The Great War
Germans reached a _________ in France
Russians invaded to their east - became a
two front war for the Germans
Germans used _________- to try to cutoff supplies and troop movements from
the U.K.
British blockaded the _________and
created severe food shortages in
Germany
The Great War
Offenses
Verdun – German offensive
Feb. 24, 1916 – Dec. 18, 1916
Germans used poison gas on the French
No strategic gain for either side
Casualties
French
German
Total casualties
The Great War
Somme – offensive by French/British forces
July 1, 1916 to November 18,1916
Used tanks in battle (with little effect)
Offensive ended with Allied Forces gaining a
total of 18 kilometers
Casualties
British
French Germans Total – over
The Great War
America declared it neutrality and
continued to trade with both sides
 1/3 of the American population was made
up of ______________________________
 Irish immigrants initially side with the
Central Powers
 Many Americans oppose warfare and
militarism on principle and want to stay
out of the war

The Great War

Gradually public opinion shifted toward the
Allied Powers

Propaganda played a major role in this shift

Business leaders pressured Congress to prepare
for war to protect their trade and assets in the
U.K. and France
The United States Declares War
“_______________” ended when the
British began arming merchant ships
 Early in 1915 Germany advised
Americans not to travel on British liners
 ____________ traveled from New York to
the U.K. in May, 1915 with over 1200
passengers and ‘miscellaneous’ cargo

The United States Declares War
German U-boat encountered the
in the
 Fired a torpedo and it sank within a few
minutes
 Over 1200 people, including 128
Americans, died
 German claimed it was transporting

The United States Declares War
Immediate demands were made to declare
war on Germany
 President Wilson urged patience
 Germans pledged to stop shooting
unarmed vessels
 War was averted in 1915
 Wilson vowed in 1916 to stay out of the
war

The United States Declares War
American industries continued to do
business with the British
 U-boats were not very effective
 Cut off from Germany by British
blockade


The United States Declares War
The _______________began in February,
1917.
 Overthrew the monarchy and soldiers
mutinied
 Allied position weakened – fighting
shifted to the Western front
 USA had been reluctant to support
_______________

The United States Declares War


While General Pershing continued to
chase Pancho Villa around Mexico…..
_______________________was
intercepted and made public
The United States Declares War

Note was intercepted by the British and
turned over to the Americans in March,
1917

From German Foreign Minister to
German Ambassador to Mexico

Proposed
Zimmerman Note
Text of Decoded message:
"We intend to begin on the first of February unrestricted submarine
warfare. We shall endeavor in spite of this to keep the United States of
America neutral. In the event of this not succeeding, we make Mexico a
proposal or alliance on the following basis: make war together, make
peace together, generous financial support and an understanding on our
part that Mexico is to reconquer the lost territory in Texas, New Mexico,
and Arizona. The settlement in detail is left to you. You will inform the
President of the above most secretly as soon as the outbreak of war with
the United States of America is certain and add the suggestion that he
should, on his own initiative, invite Japan to immediate adherence and
at the same time mediate between Japan and ourselves. Please call the
President's attention to the fact that the ruthless employment of our
submarines now offers the prospect of compelling England in a few
months to make peace." Signed, ZIMMERMANN.
The United States Declares War
Early in 1917 Germans reneged on their
pledge and began sinking merchant
vessels
 Under pressure from the USA they made
the ____________, promising not to shoot
on unarmed vessels without warning
 Within weeks they reneged on their
pledge

The United States Declares War




American bankers and
industrialists pressured
Wilson to declare war
Russian Revolution put
pressure on the Allies
Zimmerman note built
resentment toward
Germany
Reneging of the Sussex
Pledge signaled the end
of negotiations
On April 2, 1917
President Wilson
asked Congress for a
declaration of war
against Germany.
Congress quickly
complied
Americans on the European
Front

America needs time to prepare for war

American troops help turn the tide in
Europe

Conditions in Europe are horrendous
Americans on the European
Front




Selective Service Act - May 1917
– Males age 21-30 required to register
– By wars end, 2,800,000 were actually drafted
Thousands of women volunteered to serve as
nurses, drivers, and clerks
General Pershing is the commander of US
troops in Europe
Troops were strictly ___________ - African
Americans and Latinos served in separate units
with ‘white’ officers
Americans on the European
Front
1917
 Millions of troops needed to be trained
and shipped to Europe
 Men were trained in the use of rifles,
bayonets, gas masks, and grenades
 Ships used the ____________to reduce
losses
 American Expeditionary Force - called
_________________
Americans on the European
Front
1917-1918
 _______________continued in France
 Germany signed a _______________with
Russia in March, 1918
 Germany immediately began new
offensives along the western front
 The Allied Powers struggled to hold the
lines - Germans were within 50 miles of
Paris (again)
Americans on the European
Front
 In
____________the Americans
entered the fighting in force
 Throughout France, fresh American
troops helped to turn back the
German offensive
 By _______________the Germans
were in full retreat
Americans on the European
Front
Aircraft were successfully utilized in World
War I by both sides
 Bi-planes engaged in dogfights,
reconnaissance missions, and bombing raids
 Both sides had heroes - aces that shot down
enemy planes
 __________________________were also
used

Americans on the European
Front

African American units segregated
–
–
–
not allowed to serve in marines
kept out of combat in navy and army
369th infantry

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
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Ending the War


Bulgaria and the
Ottoman Empire
made a separate
peace with the Allies
in the autumn of
1918
Austrian-Hungarian
Empires collapsed as
Poles, Czechs, and
Slovaks, declared
their independence



The Germans
ordered their fleet in
Kiel to leave and
confront the British
Instead, on October
29th they mutinied
Kaiser fled to
Holland on
November 10th
Armistice
is signed on
_______________
_____________ Outbreak
____________was introduced to Europe
by Americans in 1918
 Within months, it spread around the
world
 Viruses flourish in unsanitary conditions
and are easily spread by people in close
proximity
 Approximately_______Americans and
_________worldwide died from Influenza

Final Tallies





Americans lost 117,000 soldiers in a little over
a year of fighting (53,500KIA;63,000other)
Russia, Germany, France, and AustriaHungary each lost over 1,000,000
British lost 900,000
Total 16 Million (8,500,000 KIA + 7,500,000
other)
Civilians died from disease and starvation
during and after the war
Lasting Effects




Map of Europe was redrawn - entire countries
disappeared and new ones emerged
Genocide was committed by the Ottomans
toward the Armenians
Imperial Russia was lost and the Soviet Union
was born
Lost generation - so many young men died or
were maimed that their losses effected their
countries for many years
Americans on the Home Front
Americans on the Home Front

Mobilizing the nation
–
–
–
–
–
Americans on the Home Front
Financing the war:

_________________
–

raised 15 billion dollars directly from people
_________________
 Raised
more than 20 billion dollars
 Propaganda posters related buying bonds to
patriotism and/or saving our soldiers lives
Americans on the Home Front

War Industries Board





Americans on the Home Front
Lever Food & Fuel Control Act - 1917

Food Administration




guaranteed high prices to
farmers
asked Americans to
voluntarily conserve meat
and wheat

Victory Gardens


rationed meat, sugar,
and other scarce
products

Fuel Administration
asked Americans to
conserve coal and oil
closed factories due to
coal shortages
Forbid coal miners
from going on strike
Americans on the Home Front

Enforcing Loyalty
–
–
–
Americans on the Home Front
Suppressing
•
opposition
__________________– became a crime to
utter, print, write, or publish....(anything
negative about) the government, the flag, the
military, the draft, war bonds, or the arms
industry.
Americans on the Home Front
•Sedition Act (1918) strengthened the
Espionage Act
•______________________the supreme
court upheld these acts because words
could represent a clear and present
danger in times of war
Americans on the Home Front
Over 1000 dissenters were imprisoned,
including _____________and members of
the IWW
 Others were attacked by vigilantes and
beaten or lynched
 Personal freedoms and the Bill of Rights
were seen as secondary to the war effort

Social Mobility for Women &
Minorities
____________- 500,000 African
Americans migrated north for factory
jobs
 After the war, most of them remained in
the north but struggled to keep their jobs
 Over 400,000 women took care of the
farms, ran small businesses, and worked
in factories

Global Peacemaker
Treaty Of Versailles
Armistice of November 11, 1918 simply
ended the war
 The _____________- France, England,
USA, and Italy - met in Paris in January
1919 to discuss the actual peace treaty
 President Wilson arrived with his ___
__________________
 The other 3 were more interested in spoils

Treaty Of Versailles
Treaty was finally signed at Versailles in
May of 1919
Germany admitted responsibility for the
war.
__________________________(32 billion)

__________________was
formed
Treaty Of Versailles
Rhineland
became a ____, up to 31 miles
past the Rhine
Saar Basin occupied by the Allies for 15
years
Alsace-Lorraine (a disputed territory
between France and Germany) was returned
to France
German port of ______ would be open to
Poland
Treaty Of Versailles
___________________
was created
out of the Sudetenland and part of
Austria-Hungary
______________ was created from
Serbia, Bosnia-Herzogenia, Croatia,
Slovenia, and Macedonia
Germany’s military was disarmed
Treaty Of Versailles
Germany
lost all of her colonies in
Africa to the League of Nations, to be
administered by the British and French
Germany lost all of her colonies in
Asia to the League of Nations, to be
administered by Australia, New
Zealand, and Japan
Treaty Of Versailles
Germany’s
new Republic would have
democratic elections
Re-establish independent states of
Treaty Of Versailles
President Wilson agreed to the treaty, even
though he opposed many of the provisions
 Treaties in the USA have to be ratified by
the
 Refused to ratify the treaty
 They eventually wrote their own treaty
declaring the war over

Treaty Of Versailles
President Wilson toured the USA trying to
summon support for the _____________
 He had a stroke and was incapacitated in
September, 1919 until March, 1920
 Unbeknown to the American people, his
wife Edith ran the country for over six
months

The War Finally Ends
Americans were tired of European problems
and wanted to remain isolated from future
problems
 America entered the “roaring 20’s” soon
after and put the war behind them
 In spite of American’s willingness to forget
it, the world changed forever due to this war
