Transcript Chapter 16
Chapter 16 THE AGE OF ABSOLUTISM Section 1 SPANISH POWER GROWS Charles V Inherits Two Crowns Charles V ruled the Spanish empire and also the Hapsburg empire -always at war Eventually Charles V became too exhausted and gave up his land and title to join a monastery -Hapsburg went to his brother Ferdinand -Spain to his 29 yr old son, Philip II Why did Charles V divide the Hapsburg Empire?? Philip II Solidifies Power Ruled for 42 years -Strengthened Catholic Church -Absolute ruler (divine right) Devoted most of his time to government work Fought many wars to advance Spanish Catholic Power Elizabeth I of GB was his chief protestant enemy -Spanish Armada sent to invade England -Out maneuvered by England's superior boats Armada defeat marked the end of the Spanish Power -Weak rulers, bad economy due to wars, neglected farming Spanish Armada Spain’s Golden Age 1550-1650 Siglo de Oro -“Golden Century” -Brilliant art, literature, and education El Greco -actually Greek but master of Spanish painting -used amazing colors Miguel de Cervantes -famous writer -wrote Don Quixote Compare and Contrast Philip II and Charles V Section 2 FRANCE UNDER LOUIS XIV Henry IV Restores Order France was torn apart by religious wars -the Huguenots -Protestants v Catholics St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre -Catholic royals massacred 3,000 Huguenots who were at a royal wedding Henry IV Restores Order Henry IV was a Huguenot and inherited the throne -converted to Catholicism to gain the throne -issued Edict of Nantes granting religious toleration -his government reached into everyone’s lives Assassinated and his 9 yr old son, Louis XIII took over -Cardinal Richelieu was chief minister and together they strengthened the central government An Absolute Monarch Rises Louis XIV became king at 5! -called himself the Sun King - “I am the state”/ Absolute Ruler -had wonderful military to enforce his rules Jean Baptiste Colbert was Louis’ finance minister -cleared farming lands, exploration, high tariffs on imports Versailles: Symbol of Royal Power Louis XIV thought a lot of himself -levee: rising (officials hold washbasin) Very expensive palace outside of Paris Smart about keeping power -lured nobles into kingdom so they didn’t’ fight with each other over power -excluded them from taxes Palace at Versailles Cost: Roughly $2 billion in modern-day currency. Took 30,000 laborers & 6,000 horses to complete. Main building was 500 yards long with 200 rooms 15,000 acres of gardens, lawns, & woods. 1,400 fountains of water A Strong State Declines Louis XIV ruled France for 72 yrs Lost money to wars Revoked Edict of Nantes -threat to religious and political unity -HUGE revolts -left France for other countries -Huguenots were very hard working and prosperous Review What rights did the Edict of Nantes extend to the Huguenots? Why did Louis XIV choose the sun as his symbol? How did Louis XIV secure support from the nobility? How did Louis’ actions weaken France’s economy? Section 3 P A R L I A M EN T TR I UM P HS I N EN G L A N D The Tudors Work With Parliament 1485-1603 England was ruled by Tudor Monarchs Henry VIII turned to Parliament to legalize his actions -Act of Supremacy made monarch head of Church -Granted him a divorce -Allowed him to tax Elizabeth I also consulted with Parliament -made it illegal to discuss foreign policy and her marriage A Century of Revolution Begins Elizabeth I died childless -heir was James Stuart (ruling king of Scotland) -clashed with parliament and the Puritans 1625 Charles I inherited the throne -imprisoned foes and heavily taxed -forced to sign the Petition of Rights saying he must consult with Parliament -dissolved Parliament for 11 years A Century of Revolution Begins 1640 Parliament became known as the Long Parliament -lasted on and off until 1653 -executed Charles chief ministers Charles retaliated by leading troops into the House of Commons to arrest Parliament -they escaped through a back door and raised their own army Fighting a Civil War 1642-1651 Odds first supported Charles and his supporters (Cavaliers) -wealthy, well trained in warfare Parliament and their supporters were called the Roundheads -Oliver Cromwell (devout Puritan) was leader -officers were based on skill not class 1649 the King was executed Cromwell and the Commonwealth After Charles I execution the House of Commons abolished the monarchy and declared England a republic -aka a commonwealth The commonwealth faced many threats -Charles II (un-throned heir) and his supporters -Catholics exiled to Ireland Death of Cromwell brought an end to the commonwealth -Charles II regained power • HORRIBLE HISTORIES: CROMWELL AND CHARLES II From Restoration to Glorious Revolution Charles II was a popular ruler -reopened theatres and taverns Charles’ brother James II inherited throne next -openly Catholic -Parliament invited James’ Protestant daughter Mary and husband William III to rule…aka “Glorious Revolution” From Restoration to Glorious Revolution William and Mary accepted the English Bill of Rights in 1689 -Parliament has more power than monarchy -similar to US Bill of Rights England now had a limited monarchy Constitutional Government Evolves 3 new political institutions arose in Britain: 1) political parties, 2) the cabinet, 3)prime minister Political Parties: Tories (aristocrats who favored royal power) and Whigs (religious toleration and Parliament) Prime minister was in charge of the cabinet -met in very small room Influence of the Glorious Revolution Outcome in England English Bill of Rights: -People elect representatives to Parliament -Citizens have rights Writings of John Locke: -Natural Rights -Social contract between people and the government Constitutional Government: -Government is limited and defined by law -Emergence of political parties cabinet, and prime minster Impact on the United States Colonist believed they had rights and should elect people to represent them Locke’s ideas shaped the revolution and the writing of the Constitution and We formed a constitutional government with two parities and a cabinet A Society Still Ruled by the Few Britain was not democratic -Oligarchy (ruling to select few) In Britain landowning aristocrats were believed to be the “natural” ruling class -women had no rights Poor lived off the land Middle class-merchants, craftspeople, manufacturers Review Questions What was the petition of right? What was the result of the English Civil War? What was the commonwealth? What was the Glorious Revolution? How did British society remain divided Section 4 RISE OF AUSTRIA AND PRUSSIA The 30 Years War Ravages Europe Ferdinand, King of Bohemia, wanted to suppress Protestants and be more powerful than the nobles -Rebellious Protestant men threw 2 royal officials out a castle window…”Defenestration of Prague” The 30 Years War Ravages Europe Both sides searched for allies -Protestants: Netherlands and Sweden -Catholics: Spain, Poland, Germany Soldiers burned villages, destroyed crops, and killed without mercy -1/3 of population in Germany gone 1648 Peace of Westphalia -France was clear winner -German lands divided into 360+ separate states Hapsburg Austria Changes its Focus Hapsburg empire was not only divided geographically but also culturally -never able to develop central government Charles IV was ruler of Hapsburg but had no male heirs -wanted his daughter Maria Theresa to rule -every one else ignored his wishes Hapsburg Austria Changes it’s Focus Frederick II instead seized Hapsburg -From Prussia -Sparked War of Austrian Succession Maria went to Hungary and asked for help -Couldn’t remove Frederick from Silesia (rich province) but preserved her empire Hohenzollern Prussia Frederick William I -set up central bureaucracy -built a strong army -reduced nobles independence (Junkers) -increased own control -trained son, Frederick, in war Frederick instead played the flute -put into solitary confinement -forced to watch friend be beheaded The Rivalry of Great Powers 1750 European powers included Austria, Prussia, France, Britain, and Russia -Prussia v Austria -France v Great Britain 7 Years War -1756 to 1763 -Fought on 4 continents (Europe, India, Africa, US) -In US called French and Indian War Review Questions What were some effects of the Peace of Westphalia? What caused the War of the Austrian Succession? How did Frederick William increase power? What were the two main rivalries after 1750? Section 5 ABSOLUTE MONARCHY IN RUSSIA Peter the Great Modernizes Russia Peter took over the throne at 10 -total control at 17 -very curious about everything -westernized country -ruled with unlimited authority (autocrat) Wanted to strengthen military, expand borders, and centralize power -rewarded nobles by letting them rule land and continue serfdom -punished nobles by making them change their customs and serve the state Peter Expands Russia’s Borders Peter wanted a warm water port to trade with the west (Black Sea) -unable to defeat Ottomans 1700 war with Sweden -Russia suffered humiliating defeat -8000 v 40,000 -Eventually won territory on the Baltic Peter Expands Russia’s Borders Land taken from Sweden Peter built a new capitalSt. Petersburg -problem: it was a swamp Peter died in 1725 -expanded Russian territory -built strong army -gained ports -ended Russia’s isolationism -many reforms died with him Catherine the Great Follows Peter’s Lead Peter had no heir -German born Catherine came to Russia at 15 to wed the heir to the Russian throne -her husband was nuts and was assassinated -reorganized the government, codified laws, and instituted state sponsored education for all Catherine the Great Follows Peter’s Lead Catherine was an absolute monarch -forced people into serfdom -tried to expand territory -wanted to modernize Russia 1772 Prussia, Russia, and Austria agreed to partition Poland Review Questions What rewards and punishments did Peter use to solidify his control over the nobles? What impact did Peter’s defeat of Sweden have on Russia’s expansion How were Catherine’s goals similar to those of Peter?