Transcript France

THE AGE OF
ABSOLUTISM
(1550-1800)
Absolutism
• Form of monarchical power when a ruler has a
complete authority over the government and lives of
the people
• Two types of A.: 1. Ruler
2. Ruler + Chief Minister
• A. took place in: Spain, France, Prussia, Russia,
Austria
Bell Work
• November 30
• If you could build any house in the world,
what would it look like? How many rooms,
bathrooms? Amenities?
Map of states under Absolutism
Setting the Stage
• Europe was in a period after Reformation. Still
divided religiously.
– Catholic territory: Spain, France, Italy, Southern
Germany.
– Protestant territory: England, Netherlands,
Northern Germany
• Spain, France, and England had colonies in
Asia, the Americas, and Africa.
Spain
(Charles V: King of 2 Crowns)
• Grandson of Ferdinand and Isabella:
Inherited Spain and Austrian
Hapsburg empire in 1519.
• Struggled to suppress Protestant
movement in German states as well
as the Ottoman empire led by
Suleiman.
• Tired of the constant warfare of this
diverse empire, Charles V gave up
his title and entered a monastery.
• Division of his empire:
•Hapsburg land→brother
Ferdinand
•Spain, Netherlands, southern
Italy→son Philip
Spain
(Philip II)
• Thanks to silver from Americas,
his empire became the wealthiest
in Europe.
• Absolute monarch: complete
authority over government and
lives of people.
• Ruled by divine right: believed his
authority to rule came directly
from God.
• Sought to protect and strengthen
the Catholic Church. Counterreformation; turned Inquisition
against Protestants. Enforced
Catholic unity in his lands.
Spain
(The Wars of Philip II)
• Defeated Ottoman Muslims in the Mediterranean
region.
• Battled Protestant rebels in Netherlands who resisted
Philip’s efforts to crush Protestantism there. Also
opposed high taxes and autocratic rule.
• Netherlands eventually won independence from
Spain after many years of war and became known as
the Dutch Netherlands in 1648.
Spain
(The Wars of Philip II)
• Queen Elizabeth I was chief
Protestant enemy who supported
the Dutch rebellions.
• She also knighted Sir Francis
Drake, a pirate who looted
Spanish treasure ships.
• In response, Philip II Prepared a
huge Armada (fleet of 130 ships)
against England.
• Due to storm on English
Channel, armada was destroyed.
England won and suprassed
Spanish power thereafter. Victory
for Elizabeth I
Spanish Golden Age: 1550-1650
•
•
•
Philip II was a patron of the
arts and founded academies for
science and math.
Painters:
–
El Greco: religious pictures
and royal portraits
–
Diego Velázquez: best
known court painter.
Writers:
–
Miguel de Cervantes:
wrote Don Quixote, the
first modern novel in
Europe. Mocks medieval
chivalry.
Spain’s Economic Decline: 1600s
• Economic decline because:
1.There were less able successors after Philip II
2.Wars overseas drained Spain financially.
3.Expulsion of Muslim and Jew= deprived the
economy of many skilled artisans and
merchants
4.France (and England) replaced Spain as most
powerful European nation.
Bell Work
• December 2, 2015
• Who was the most powerful ruler in
French History?
• What was the idea that nothing can be
known for certain?
• Immense French Palace?
• Name one of the two powerful cardinals
that helped rule France?
• What absolute monarch ruled Spain?
France
• From 1560s-1590s, religious war between Huguenots
(French Protestants) and the Catholic majority tore
France apart.
• Worst incident: Bartholomew´s day Massacre. 3,000
were killed. Symbolized complete breakdown of
order in France.
France:
(Henry IV)
• Henry IV: In 1589, a Huguenot prince inherited the
throne.
• Issued Edict of Nantes in 1598: protected Protestants
and promote religious tolerance.
• He ruled alone but royal officials helped him. Strong
central government to restore order.
• Royal officials: 1. Administered justice
2. Improved roads,built bridges
3. Revived agriculture
***Laid foundations for royal absolutism.
France
(Louis XIII)
• Henry IV assassinated→ 9 years old son Louis
XIII inherited throne.
• Young Louis XIII appointed Cardinal
Armand Richelieu as his chief minister and
ruled with his help.
• Richelieu further strengthened central
government
France
(Richelieu)
Richelieu sought to destroy the power of Huguenots and nobles so he:
• Smashed the
• Defeated the
Huguenots cities
private nobles
and outlawed
armies and
their armies
destroyed their
castles
• BUT he allowed
them to practice
their own
religion
• BUT he tied
nobles to king
by giving them
high posts at
court or in royal
army
Also, involved France in 30 years war to weaken Hapsburg power
Turn towards Skepticism
• Idea that nothing can
ever be known for
certain
• Montaigne developed
essay
• Rene Descarteshelped develop the
scientific method by
questioning
France
(Louis XIV & Marazin)
• Richelieu handpicked his
successor Cardinal Jules
Marazin,
• Reign of Louis XIV:
1. Ruled with Marazin´s help
2. Disorder again swept France
• After Marazin died Louis took
the government under his
control
• Claimed “I Am The State” or
the “Sun King.” Believed in
divine right to rule. Took sun
as symbol of absolute power.
France
(Louis XIV)
• Never called a meeting of the Estates General, a
council that was established to check royal power.
• Appointed intendants to collect taxes, recruit
soldiers, and carry out his policies throughout
France.
• Under Louis XIV, French army became the strongest
in Europe.
• His finance minister, Jean Baptiste Colbert followed
mercantilist policies, helping make France the
wealthiest state in Europe.
France
(Louis XIV & Versailles)
• Built palace of Versailles,
the most magnificent
building in Europe.
• Versailles became symbol of
the Sun King’s wealth and
power. Housed 10,000
people.
• No expense was too great.
Lavish lifestyle.
• Court of Louis supported
splendid century in the arts.
Moliere-Tartuffe
• Purpose of art was to glorify
king
War of Spanish Succession
• 1700-Charles II (Spain) died without heir
• Promised throne to Louis XIV’s grandson
Phillip of Anjou
• England, Austria, Dutch, and Portugal and
several states joint to stop union
• War of Spanish Succession
• Treaty of Utrecht- thrones not unite, GB
took Gibralter, British company gained
asiento
France
(Louis XIV)
• Reigned for 72 yrs, longer than any other monarch.
• French culture, manners, and customs replaced
those of Renaissance Italy as the standard for
European taste.
• Revoked Edict of Nantes forcing over 100,000
Huguenots to flee France. Caused serious blow to
French econ.
• By the time Louis XV inherited throne, France was
in a state of chaos.
Bell Work
• What war was a conflict over religion and
territory and for power among European
ruling families?
• How was the war defined? (2 parts)
• What steps did the Austrian Hapsburgs
take toward becoming absolute
monarchs?
• What countries were allies during the War
of Austrian Succession ?
• Seven Years War?
Austria & Prussia
• Struggle between Protestant North and Catholic
South in Germany triggered the Thirty Years’ War.
• The war led to severe depopulation. As many as 1/3
of the people in the German states died during the
wars.
Hapsburg Triumphs
• 1618-1648
• Hapsburg armies from Austria/Spain
crushed Protestant Prince armies
• Ferdinand II allowed army to plunder
Hapsburg Defeats
• Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden-army of
23,000 shifted war
• France entrance on Protestant side
dominated rest of war
• Peace of Westphalia
–
–
–
–
Weakened Hapsburg
Strengthened France
Ended Religious wars, German Princes independent
Introduced new methods of peace negotiations
Central Europe
• Strong states formed slowly-aristocracy passed
laws against serfs gaining freedom
• Landowning nobles blocked ability for king to
develop a state
• 30 years war left Holy Roman Empire weak
• Countries step in to fill void
Maria Theresa
• Hapsburgs of Austria
• Retook
Bohemia/Hungary
• Created noble class
• Charles VI
• Persuaded other
leader to sign
agreement
recognizing Maria
Theresa as heir
Rise of Prussia
• Meanwhile, Prussia
emerged as a new Protestant
power.
• Under Prussian ruler
Frederick William I, a great
army was assembled .
Known as Great Elector
• Bought Prussia’s
landowning nobles, Junkers
by giving right to be officers
in army
• Highly militarized society.
Frederick the Great
• Frederick II-Frederick
the Great
• Followed father’s
military policy
• Encouraged religious
tolerance and legal
reform
Wars
• War of Austrian
Succession
• Frederick wanted
Silesia
• Hungary, Great
Britain and Austria
fought France and
Prussia
• Maria Theresa lost
• The Seven Years War
• Maria Theresa made
alliance with France
and Russia
• Frederick signed
treaty with Britain
• Fought all over the
world
• Britain emerged as
victor
Bell Work
• Get out your outline.
• What monarch have you chosen or feel most
interested in? Why?
• What are some failures and accomplishments
that you already know?
Bell Work
• Get out your chart
• How does Obama conflict with congress on
ruling our nation? Give an example if you know.
England (The Tudors & Parliament)
• Power was maintained far
differently in England than
in France and Spain.
• Tudor dynasty reigned from
1485-1603.
• Henry VII believed in
divine right, but valued
Parliament and maintained
good relationships.
• Elizabeth I was popular and
successful thanks to good
Parliamentary relations.
English Parliament
• House of Lords:
– Upper house
– Hereditary rule or
appointed by
sovereign
– Lord Spiritual and
Lord Temporal lead
this house.
• House of Commons
– Lower house
– Democratically
elected body.
– Prime Minister leads
this house.
England (The Stuarts & Parliament)
• When Elizabeth died without a direct heir, the throne passed
to the Stuarts, the ruling family of Scotland.
• James I, the first Stuart monarch contested Parliament and
sought absolute rule.
• Leaders in the House of Commons (body of Parliament)
resisted his claim to divine right.
• In 1625, Charles I inherited the throne. Also behaved like an
absolute monarch. Imprisoned foes without trial and created
bitter enemies.
• For 11 years, he ruled the nation without Parliament. When
he finally summoned Parliament to get help suppressing a
Scottish rebellion, it launched its own revolt.
Parliamentary Rebellion and Civil War
• When Parliament finally reconvened they staged the
greatest political revolution in English history.
• Charles lashed back against the reforms they
proposed.
• When he attempted to arrest the most radical
leaders, they escaped and formed an army.
• A civil war ensued, lasting from 1642-1649. In the
end, revolutionary forces triumphed.
• Oliver Cromwell led the triumphant New Model
Army for Parliament, and by 1647, the king was in
the hands of parliamentary forces.
Execution of King Charles
• After the war, Parliament
set up court to put King
Charles on trial.
• He was condemned as
tyrant, traitor, and public
enemy, and beheaded.
• 1st time in history that a
monarch had been tried
and executed by his own
people.
• Sent clear message that in
England, no ruler could
claim absolute power and
ignore the rule of law.
The Commonwealth
• After execution of Charles I,
House of Commons abolished
monarchy, House of Lords, and
Church of England.
• Declared England a republic
called the Commonwealth, which
was led by Oliver Cromwell.
Enforced strict military rule.
• Under the Commonwealth,
Puritans replaced the Church of
England. Strict piety.
• After Cromwell died, Puritans
lost their grip on England.
Charles II
• Many English were tired of military rule and strict
Puritan ways
• After a decade of kingless rule, Parliament invited
Charles II to return to England from exile.
• Unlike his father, Charles II was a popular ruler who
avoided his father’s mistakes in dealing with
Parliament.
• Restored Church of England and promoted religious
tolerance.
James II, William & Mary
• Charles II’s brother James II
inherited the throne.
• Unlike Charles II, he angered
Parliament and attempted to
restore Catholic Church.
• Parliament invited his Protestant
daughter Mary and her husband
William of Orange to become
rulers of England.
• When they arrived, James fled to
France. Non-violent overthrow
known as the Glorious
Revolution.
English Bill of Rights
• Before they could be crowned, William and Mary had to
accept several acts passed by Parliament that became known as
the English Bill of Rights.
• It ensured superiority of Parliament over the monarchy.
• Required monarch to summon Parliament regularly and
forbade monarch from interfering with debate or suspending
laws.
• Also restored trial by jury and affirmed principle of habeas
corpus in which no one could be held in prison without first
being charged with a specific crime.
• Created a limited monarchy form of government. Set England
apart from the rest of Europe.
Bell Work
• Get out your questions
• Fill in the chart comparing Russia to
western Europe
Category
Russia
Western Europe
Labor
serfs
serfs have gained
freedom
Religion
Orthodox
Catholic/Protestant
Geography
isolated
Oceans, sea, trade,
exchange of ideas
Bell Work
• What event happened in history today?
• How did Russia become westernized?
Who was responsible?
• Read surviving the Russian Winter on pg.
612 and 613
Russia Section 4
• Ivan IV-Ivan the Terrible-seized power
from boyars at 16- czar
• 1547-1560-good period
• 1560-wife died-turned against boyars and
killed thousands with secret police
• Killed eldest son
• Russia experience “time of troubles”
Russia Section 4
• Untouched by Renaissance and European
reformations
• 1682 did a czar emerge who was strong enough to
regain order
• Peter Mikhailov (Peter the Great) pushed Russia to
become a great modern power.
• “Westernized” after “Grand
Embassy”trip
Russia
Peter The Great and The Romanovs
• Reduced power of landowners,
Orthodox Church under state
control
• Modernize army
• Introduced potatoes
• Raised women’s status
• Give up traditional clothes
• Advanced education
Russia
Peter The Great
• Embarked on a policy of westernization, or adoption of
western ideas, technology, and culture.
• Had difficulty convincing Russians to change their way of life.
• To impose his will, he became the most autocratic of Europe’s
monarchs. Tortured and killed those who challenged him.
• Also strengthened military, expanded Russian borders,
• Brought Russian Orthodox Church under his control, and
expanded serfdom (like feudalism/slavery).
• Used serfs to serve the state. They were used to work on
government projects like building roads, canals, etc.
• Enforced mercantilist policies and expanded trade.
Russia
St. Petersburg
• Built new capital city at St.
Petersburg. Called it a
“window on the West.”
• Fought Sweden
• Forced serfs to create city
and many died
• Forced nobles to move
there also
• Became busy port
Russia
Catherine The Great
• A German princess, who got to the
throne by marrying Russian heir
• Continued at what Peter started –
extended Russian territory, brought
even more reforms
• Intelligent and educated woman, a
student of French thinkers, who led
Enlightment
• Many similiarities in her reign to
that of Peter the Great. Strong ruler,
but often ruthless.
Russian absolutism
• Absolute power of the czars was inherited.
• Cruel, almost tyrannical reign of Peter was
necessary in order to tame turmoil and
prevent upheaval of power in Russia.
Sources Cited
• Images from:
Corbis.com
Web Gallary of Art
www.wga.hu
• Ellis, E.G., & Esler. (2005). A. World History:
Connections to Today. Upper Saddle River,
New
Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall.