Transcript Chapter 17: Age of Absolutism

Chapter 17: Age of Absolutism
Section 1: Extending Spanish Power
Section 2: France Under Louis XIV
Section 3: Triumph of Parliament in England
Section 4: Rise of Austria & Prussia
Section 5: Absolute Monarchy in Russia
Extending Spanish Power
• In the 1500s, riches from the Americas were
flowing into Spain
– As a result, Spain became the most powerful
nation in Europe
Extending Spanish Power
• King Phillip II ruled Spain from 1556 until 1598
– Phillip II, an absolute monarch, believed that God had
given him the right to rule
• Phillip II thought of himself as a guardian, or protector, of
the Catholic Church
– He fought against the spread of Protestantism
– He also fought against the Muslim empire of the Ottomans
Extending Spanish Power
• Phillip II helped to make the period from
1500 until 1650 a Golden Age for Spain
– He set up schools of science and mathematics
and supported the arts
– Art
• Diego Velazquez
• El Greco
– Literature
• Cervantes wrote Don Quixote (Europe’s 1st novel)
Diego
Velazquez
Diego Velazquez
El Greco
El Greco
Cervantes
Extending Spanish Power
• In the 1600s, Spanish power slowly
declined because rulers spent too much
money on wars
– The Spanish relied on gold and silver from
American colonies
• As a result they neglected business at home
Extending Spanish Power
• At the same time, the middle class felt they
were being taxed too much so they stopped
supporting the government
– By the late 1600s, France had replaced Spain as
the most powerful European nation
France Under Louis XIV
• The period from the 1560s to the 1590s was
a turbulent time in France
– Catholics and Protestants were fighting brutal
religious wars against each other
• Then in 1589, Henry the IV became king and
granted religious toleration to all French people
– Under his reign France was at peace
France Under Louis XIV
• French kings, like the Spanish, were
absolute rulers
– Henry IV and later kings increased royal power
by making the government stronger and
controlling the nobles
• The king defeated the private armies of the nobles,
but gave them high posts in court to keep them loyal
Henry IV
France Under Louis XIV
• Louis XIV continued to strengthen the
monarchy
– He sent officials to collect taxes and rule the
provinces
• Louis XIV made the French army the strongest in
Europe
Louis XIV
France Under Louis XIV
• During the 72-year reign of Louis XIV,
French culture spread throughout Europe
– However, many of his foreign and domestic
policies failed
• Louis XIV fought many wars for power and land
– Other nations thought France was too powerful and
created alliances to protect themselves
– These alliances created a balance of power that prevented
any 1 nation from dominating Europe
France Under Louis XIV
Section 3: Triumph of Parliament in England
• From 1485 until 1603, Tudor Kings and
Queens ruled England and worked well
with Parliament
– When the Tudors wanted to make changes they
consulted Parliament first
Section 3: Triumph of Parliament in England
• Then in 1603, the Stuarts came to power
– They angered Parliament by acting like
absolute rulers
• One Stuart king, Charles I, got into trouble with
Parliament
Henrietta
Maria
Charles I
Section 3: Triumph of Parliament in England
• Charles I put his enemies in prison without
trials & collected high taxes
– When Parliament tried to stop him, Charles I
dissolved, or broke up, Parliament
Oliver
Cromwell
VS.
Charles I
Section 3: Triumph of Parliament in England
• In 1642, civil war broke out between
Charles I and Parliament
– Seven years later Parliament put Charles I on
trial and beheaded him
• Charles became the 1st European king to be executed
Section 3: Triumph of Parliament in England
• For a time England did not have a king
– It was a republic, known as a Commonwealth
• Then in 1660, Parliament invited Charles II to
become king
Charles II
Section 3: Triumph of Parliament in England
• In 1688, another Stuart king, James II
angered Parliament
– This time, Parliament invited Mary & her
husband William (Mary was the daughter of
James II) to replace James II
• James II fled to France, and because the
“revolution” was bloodless it became known as the
Glorious Revolution
Section 3: Triumph of Parliament in England
• When William & Mary took power, they
accepted the English Bill of Rights
– It stated that the king must work with
Parliament, and gave parliament control of the
nation’s money supply
Section 3: Triumph of Parliament in England
• The power of the purse gave Parliament a
great deal of leverage
– In this way England became a Limited
Monarchy
• A limited monarchy is a government in which a
legislative body limits the monarchs powers
Section 4: Rise of Austria & Prussia
• Between 1618 and 1648, the nations of
Europe fought each other in the 30 Years’
War
– What started as a fight between Catholics and
Protestants soon became a political battle
• Armies burned villages and destroyed cities
– 1/3 of the population of the German States died
Section 4: Rise of Austria & Prussia
• When the 30 Years’ War finally ended,
France had won territory from both Spain
and Germany
– The Netherlands and Switzerland became
independent states
– The war left Germany divided into more than
360 states
– The Hapsburgs, rulers of the Holy Roman
Empire, lost land
Section 4: Rise of Austria & Prussia
• After the 30 Years’ War, two new powers
emerged
– Although the war weakened the Hapsburgs of
Austria, they still wanted a strong empire
• They conquered Bohemia, Hungry, and parts of
Poland and Italy
– However, the Hapsburgs were unable to completely
control their empire
Section 4: Rise of Austria & Prussia
• Around the same, the Hohenzollern family
united a number of German states
– The Hohenzollerns built a powerful Protestant
nation called Prussia
Section 4: Rise of Austria & Prussia
• By 1750, Austria, Prussia, France, England,
and Russia were the strongest nations in
Europe
– These nations tried to maintain the balance of
Power
Section 4: Rise of Austria & Prussia
• Two or more nations formed alliances to
keep another nation from becoming too
strong
– To maintain the balance of power, nations
sometimes went to war
Section 5: Absolute Monarchy in Russia
Section 5: Absolute Monarchy in Russia
• In 1682, Peter the Great
became Czar and absolute
ruler of Russia
– Peter wanted to make Russia modern
and powerful
• He introduced western technology,
improved education, developed new
industries, and encouraged trade
Section 5: Absolute Monarchy in Russia
• He strengthened the Russian government
and reduced the power of the nobles
– However, Peter forced the Russian people to
become more western, using terror to
accomplish his plans
• His policies maintained serfdom in Russia, long
after it had died out in Western Europe
Section 5: Absolute Monarchy in Russia
• In foreign policy, Peter built the largest
army in Europe, expanded Russian territory,
and gained seaports on the Baltic Sea
– Peter wanted a port city where the water did not
freeze during the winter
• This way Russia could trade with the West all year
long
– However, Peter was not successful in gaining a warmwater port
Section 5: Absolute Monarchy in Russia
• In 1762, Catherine the Great, another
absolute monarch came to power
– She recognized the government and the laws,
set up state schools for boys and girls, and
encouraged western ways
• Under Catherine, Russia finally won a warm-water
port on the Black Sea
Section 5: Absolute Monarchy in Russia
• In the 1700s, Catherine and the rulers of
Prussia and Austria agreed to divide up
Poland
– By 1795, the kingdom of Poland had
disappeared
• This action was called the Partition of Poland