Transcript Absolute Monarchs in Europe

Absolute Monarchs in Europe
Ch 21
What is an absolute monarch?
What are the benefits and
drawbacks of having an
absolute ruler?
Where does the American
President get his power from?
Where does an absolute
monarch get his power from?
Absolutism
• Absolute monarchs- held all power
within their states’ boundaries
• Divine right-God created the monarchy
and the monarch is God’s representative
on earth
Causes of Growing Power of the
Monarchs
• Decline of feudalism
• Rise of cities
• Growth of national kingdoms
• Support from the middle class
• Reformation
• Religious and territorial conflict
Characteristics of an Absolute
Monarch
• Centralize power in their states
• Total power of their land and people
• Transmission of power is hereditary and
marital
• Extravagant lifestyle
• Constant warfare
• Always trying to expand their empires
Spain’s Empire
Sec 1
What have we learned about
Spain so far this year?
Background
• Charles V
• Inherited Spain, the
•
Spanish colonies in
America, parts of
Italy, and lands in
Austria and the
Netherlands
Was elected Holy
Roman Emperor and
ruled most of
Germany
Philip II
• Philip II -Inherited
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Spain, Spanish
Netherlands, and the
American colonies from
his father Charles V
He created an empire
that circled the globe by
seizing the Portuguese
kingdom that included
lands in Africa, India, and
the East Indies
How did Philip’s empire
become so wealthy?
Extreme Wealth
• By 1600, American
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•
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mines provided 339,000
pounds of gold
Between 1550 and
1650, 16,000 tons of
silver was brought to
Spain
Between ¼ and 1/5 of
every ship went to the
king
Philip used the money
to build a huge granite
palace
Golden Age of Art and Literature
• Great wealth allowed
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•
monarchs and nobles
to become patrons of
the arts
El Greco and
Velazquez
Don Quixote
What does this art reveal
about the culture of Spain?
Catholicism
• Philip was an
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extremely devout
Catholic
Philip believed it was
his job to protect the
empire from the
Moors and from
Protestants
Defeat of the Spanish Armada
• In 1588, Philip II sent
•
130 ships to England
to punish the
Protestant Queen
Elizabeth I
Better tactics and
guns allowed the
English to win
Elizabeth the Golden Age
• Battle Scene
Why was England’s defeat of the
Spanish Armada important?
Spanish Empire Weakens
• Severe inflation-
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•
•
decline in the value of
money accompanied by
a rise in prices
Nobles did not have to
pay taxes
Philip declared the
Spanish state bankrupt
3 different times
Dutch Revolt
Netherlands
• Prosper without the
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•
•
Spanish
Religious toleration
Republic not a
kingdom
Each province had an
elected governor
•
How was Philip II typical of an
absolute monarch?
Reign of Louis XIV
Sec 2
Background
• 1559-King Henry II
died leaving 4 young sons
• 3 came to rule but all
were incompetent
• Their mother Catherine
de Medicis tried to hold
everything together
• War between the
Catholics and Huguenots
(French Protestants) kept
the country unstable
•
Henry IV
• Married Catherine’s
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•
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daughter
After Catherine and
the last of her sons
dies Henry IV
became king
1st king of the
Bourbon dynasty
Converted to
Catholicism to keep
peace in the country
•
Edict of Nantes
• Edict of Nantes•
•
Declaration of religious
tolerance
Allowed the Huguenots to
live in peace in France
and set up places of
worship
Assassinated in 1610 by
religious fanatic who was
upset with his
compromises
Louis XIII and Richelieu
• Henry IV’s son Louis XIII was a weak king but
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he had a strong minister
Richelieu was basically the leader of France
Leader of the Catholic Church
Took 2 steps to increase the power of the
monarchy
– Forbid Huguenots to have walls around their cities
– Made the nobles take down their fortified castles
How did those 2 moves
strengthen the monarchy?
Skepticism
• Skepticism-
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philosophical movement
that began in France
following the religious
wars
Belief that nothing can
be known for sure
Descartes-skeptic who
became an important
thinker in the
Enlightenment
•
Louis XIV
• Louis XIV- most
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•
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powerful ruler in French
history
Became king in 1643 at
the age of 4
Cardinal Mazarin rules
until 1661
Louis further weakens the
nobility by no longer
allowing them in his
council
Goal is economic growth
“I am the state”
•
The Sun King
• Known as the Sun King
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because he believed that all
power radiated from him
Spent a fortune to surround
himself in luxury
500 cooks, waiters, and
servants to satisfy his needs
Kept the nobility at his palace
to serve him
Patron of the arts
By 1660, France is the most
powerful country in the world
Palace at Versailles
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$2.5 billion in 2003 dollars
36,000 laborers
6,000 horses
Can accommodate 5,000 people including servants
500 meters long
Set on 19262 acres (bigger than Paris or Manhattan)
700 rooms
2,000 windows
1,250 fireplaces
67 staircases
Versailles
• Louis XIV (1638-1715) – YouTube
• The Three Musketeers (3/5) Movie CLIP -
Richelieu's Report (1973) HD – YouTube
• The Three Musketeers (5/5) Movie CLIP The White Ball (1973) HD – YouTube
• ◄ Chateau de Versailles, France [HD] ► YouTube
Disastrous Wars
• Most powerful country in the world under Louis
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XIV
After invading Spanish Netherlands and Dutch
Netherlands to expand France’s borders the rest
of Europe formed alliances against France
Constant warfare and high taxes began to take
their toll on the French people.
War of Spanish Succession
• 1700 King of Spain died
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and Louis XIV’s
grandson became king
In the War of Spanish
Succession most of
Europe then attacked to
prevent the joining of the
empires
War ended in 1714 with
the agreement that the
crowns would not be
united
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Louis XIV’s death
• Realized he ruined
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France
Died in bed in 1715
French people
rejoiced
Mixed Legacy
Compare and contrast Philip II
and Louis XIV.
What have we learned about
Russia so far?
Absolute Rulers of Russia
• Ivan the Terrible
• Was a good ruler until
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his wife Anastasia
died
Blamed the boyarsnobles- for her death
Executed many of the
nobles using secret
police
Peter the Great
• Peter the Great-
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reformer who
westernized Russia
Increased the Czar’s
power
Russia had fallen
behind Europe due to
Mongol rule and
religious differences
Peter the Great
• Westernization- process of modernizing
and industrializing Russia to make it more
like Western Europe
• Peter traveled to Europe to learn
European customs and manufacturing
techniques
• Trip inspired him to westernize Russia
• He saw it as a way to make Russia
stronger
Peter’s Reforms
• Increased his power
– Abolished patriarch and established Holy
Synod under his control
• Modernized the army
– Hired European soldiers to train his army
• Improved education
– Started a school of navigation and arts and
sciences
Other westernizations
• Brought in potatoes
• Started the first newspaper
• Raised the status of women
• Ordered nobles to give up traditional
clothes
Establishing St Petersburg
• St. Petersburg-
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Russia’s first warm
water port
Window to Europe
How did Peter the Great
change Russia?
Parliament Limits the English
Monarchy
Queen Elizabeth I
• Elizabeth I- absolute
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ruler of England
Had many problems
with Parliament,
mostly over money
Left a huge debt upon
her death
James I
• Had similar problems
over money
Charles I
• Charles I- ruler of
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England, in constant
disagreements with
Parliament
Always needed
money due to wars
with Spain and France
When Parliament
refused to give him
money he dissolved it
English Civil War
• English Civil War -
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1642-1649, war
between Royalists
and supporters of
Parliament
Charles became less
and less popular as
he continued to raise
taxes
Oliver Cromwell
• Oliver Cromwell-
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General for the
Puritans
Turned the tide of the
war
Capture Charles I in
1647
Off with his head
• 1649
• Charles I was brought to trial for treason
against Parliament
• Convicted and beheaded
• 1st time a reigning monarch was executed
Cromwell’s Rule
• 1649
• Abolished the
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•
monarch and
established the House
of Lords
Established a
republican form of
government
Crushed an Irish
uprising
Restoration and Revolution
• Restoration –
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reestablished the
monarchy
1658 Cromwell dies
and the next year
Parliament asks
Charles I son to rule
Charles II comes to
rule in 1659
Habeas corpus
• Habeas corpus-“to
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have the body”
1679 law gave every
prisoner the right to
obtain a document
ordering that the
prisoner be brought
before a judge to
specify the charges
Why is habeas corpus
important?
Importance of habeas corpus
• Can’t put someone in jail for no reason
• Can’t hold prisoners for an indefinite
amount of time before trial
James II and the Glorious
Revolution
• Protestants were afraid
•
that the Catholic James
would start a line of
Catholic kings
Glorious Revolution –
James II was overthrown
and his Protestant
daughter Mary and her
husband William of
Orange were brought to
power
Limit on a Monarch’s Power
• Under William and
Mary, England
became a
constitutional
monarchy – laws
limit the monarch’s
power
What is the purpose of the Bill
of Rights?
English Bill of Rights
• 1689
• English Bill of Rights-List of things a ruler
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could not do
No suspending Parliament’s laws
No levying taxes without Parliament’s permission
No interfering with freedom of speech in
Parliament
No penalty for petitioning the king about
grievances
Why was the English Bill of
Rights important?
Importance
No monarch could rule without Parliament’s
consent
Precursor to American Bill of Rights
End of absolute monarchs
Results of the Glorious Revolution
• Formation of a limited monarchy
• Direct reaction to the absolute monarchies
Summary
• During the age of Absolutism (1600s and
1700s) European monarchs centralized
political power within their nations
• These rulers determined government
policy without the consent of their people
• Divine Right- power of the absolute rulers
came from God
Commonalities
• Each ruler (Philip II, Louis XIV, Peter the
Great) centralized power
• Ruled by divine right
• Expanded their territory
Cause and effect
• Feudal system and religious conflicts led
rulers to centralize their power
• Absolute rulers abused their power
through wars and personal gain
• Glorious Revolution limits the power of the
English monarchy