Transcript Chapter 21
Chapter 21 Absolute Monarchs in Europe 1500- 1800 Section 1 Spain’s Empire and European Absolutism Spain’s Powerful Empire Philip II Empire filled with great wealth Believed it was his duty to defend Catholicism. Great Spanish Armada defeated Spain’s Powerful Empire El Greco Artist who showed the deep Catholic faith of Spain. Diego Velazquez Painted Spanish Royalty Spain’s Powerful Empire Miguel de Cervantes Author of Don Quixote Is he mocking chivalry or writing about a idealistic person frustrated in a material world? Problems Weaken the Spanish Empire Severe inflation caused by increased population and devaluing of money. No Jewish population caused a heavy tax burden on the lower classes. Spanish guilds forced people to look elsewhere for goods. Problems Weaken the Spanish Empire Dutch Revolt Philip raised taxes & tried to suppress Protestantism in the Netherlands. In response a revolt against Spanish rule broke out. By 1579, with the help of William of Orange, the Northern provinces were able to declare independence. Independent Dutch Prosper United Provinces of the Netherlands Religious toleration Republic Dutch will create a great, vast trading empire through grain & lumber, eventually replacing the Italians as the bankers. Artists such as Rembrandt & Jan Vermeer will dominate Dutch art. Absolutism in Europe Absolute Monarchy Kings or queens who believed that all power within their state’s borders rested in their hands. Divine Right God created the monarchy & that the monarch was God’s representative here on Earth. Kings regulated all aspects of life from religion to social gatherings. Section 2 France’s Ultimate Monarch Religious Wars Create a Crisis Henry IV (of Navarre) First Bourbon king of France. Gave up Protestantism to become Catholic to heal the wounds. Religious Wars Create a Crisis Edict of Nantes Huguenots (French Protestants) could live in peace in France & set up their own houses of worship in some cities. Henry will be stabbed to death for his religious toleration. Religious Wars Create a Crisis Louis XIII became the next king, but Cardinal Richelieu was the true ruler. Richelieu worked against the Huguenots, decreased the power of the nobility & got involved in war with Spain. Louis XIV Rules Absolutely Louis XIV “I am the state.” Takes over from Cardinal Mazarin at age 23 & decreased the power of the nobility. Louis XIV Rules Absolutely Jean Baptist Colbert Minister of Finance who tried to make France self-sufficient. Benefits to French companies High tariff on goods from other countries Encouraged trade from colonies Louis XIV rescinded the Edict of Nantes which caused some economic problems. Louis’s Grand Style Louis surrounded himself with luxury, made the nobles dress him in the morning & live with him at the palace at Versailles. Louis’s Grand Style Louis’s Grand Style The palace of Versailles became a little city, became the envy of other monarchs & became the center of the arts. Louis’s Grand Style Louis’s Grand Style Versailles Style Louis Fights Disastrous Wars Louis tried to capture the Dutch Netherlands but was unsuccessful. Weak harvests, constant warfare & new taxes brought suffering to the French people. Louis Fights Disastrous Wars War of the Spanish Succession Fought to prevent the Bourbon dynasty from gaining control of Spain. Treaty of Utrecht Louis’ grandson could remain king as long as the thrones were not united. Great Britain benefited greatly by receiving colonies & the slave trade. Section 3 Central European Monarchs Clash The 30 Years’ War Lutherans in the Protestant Union & Catholics in the Catholic League. Ferdinand II of Bohemia (future H.R.E.) of the Hapsburg Family tried to close Protestant churches & the Protestant revolted & Ferdinand sent an army to crush the revolt. 30 Years’ War was over religion, territory & political power. The 30 Years’ War First 12 years saw the Hapsburgs dominate & crush the Protestants. Tide changes with the Protestant Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden. France dominated the later stages of the war, supporting the PROTESTANTS more out of the fear of Hapsburg dominance. The 30 Years’ War The Peace of Westphalia Weakened the Hapsburg states of Spain & Austria. Strengthened France by receiving German territory. Made German princes independent of the Holy Roman Emperor. Ended religious wars in Europe It introduced a new method of peace negotiation. The 30 Years’ War The beginning of the modern state system (idea that Europe was a group of independent states that could negotiate for themselves) was probably the most important result of the war. Central Europe Differs From the West Western Europe Western European monarchs taxed the new independent towns after feudalism. Central Europe Landowning aristocracy passed laws restricting the ability of serfs to gain freedom & move into the cities. Central Europe Differs From the West Central Europe did not allow for the development of strong kings. H.R.E was weakened by the 30 Years’ War leaving no true authority. This changes with the Hapsburg family of Austria. Austria will become the most powerful state in the H.R.E. Central Europe Differs From the West Austrian Hapsburgs Conquered Bohemia & wiped out Protestantism & created a new Czech nobility loyal to them. Centralized the gov’t & created a standing army. Retook Hungary from the Ottomans. Tough to control b/c of the diverse populations living within the borders. Prussia & Austria Clash Maria Theresa of Austria was supposed to have a peaceful reign if it wasn’t for Prussia. Prussia’s ruling family, the Hohenzollerns led by Frederick William worked towards an absolute monarchy & became a rigidly controlled military society. Prussia Prussia & Austria Clash Frederick the Great Believed that governments should extend their borders Encouraged religious toleration & legal reform Prussia & Austria Clash War of Austrian Succession Fought over the Austrian land of Silesia. known for iron ore, textiles & food products. Maria Theresa did stop Prussian aggression, but was not able to hold on to Silesia. Prussia & Austria Clash The Seven Years’ War Maria Theresa signed an alliance with France. Frederick signed an alliance with England. 1756 – Frederick attacked Saxony, an Austrian ally bringing all of Europe into the war. Prussia & Austria Clash Britain emerges as the real winner gaining sole ownership of India. France lost its colonies in North America. Section 5 Parliament limits the English Monarchy Monarchs Clash with Parliament James I Was king of Scotland & became the king of England Felt it was beneath him to work with Parliament. Calvinist who failed to help the Puritans. Monarchs Clash with Parliament Charles I Son of James I. Forced to sign the Petition of Right. Monarchs Clash with Parliament Petition of Right He would not imprison subjects w/o due cause. He would not levy taxes without Parliament’s consent. He would not house soldiers in private homes. He would not impose martial law in peacetime. English Civil War Charles tried to abolish the Parliament, imposed fees on the English people, tried to enforce the Presbyterian Scots to accept Anglican prayers. 1641 – Parliament passed laws to limit royal power & Charles tried to arrest Parliament’s leaders. 1642-1649 – English Civil War Loyal to Charles – Royalists or Cavaliers Supporters of Parliament - Roundheads English Civil War Oliver Cromwell General who helped to defeat Charles. Charles was arrested & killed. English Civil War Cromwell abolished the monarchy & the House of Lords & established a commonwealth (republican form of government). Cromwell will rule as a military dictator. Cromwell will put down a rebellion in Ireland & promoted Puritan morality. Restoration & Revolution Restoration With the people tired of military rule, Charles II restores the monarchy Restoration & Revolution Charles guaranteed Habeas Corpus. Gave every prisoner the right to obtain a document ordering that the prisoner be brought before a judge. Now a monarch could not put someone in jail simply for opposing the ruler. Restoration & Revolution James II flaunted his Catholic beliefs Dissolved Parliament when they opposed his Catholic viewpoints Restoration & Revolution James II will be overthrown by his daughter Mary and her husband William of Orange for the sake of the Protestant faith. This bloodless overthrow of King James II is called the Glorious Revolution. Political Changes Under William & Mary, England will become a Constitutional Monarchy. Political Changes English Bill of Rights No suspending of Parliament’s laws No levying taxes without a specific grant from Parliament No interfering with freedom of speech in Parliament No penalty for a citizen who petitions the king about grievances Political Changes After 1688, no British monarch could rule without the consent of Parliament & vice versa. Problems were solved with the creation of a cabinet. It will become the center of power & policymaking.