Transcript Chapter 7 Crisis and Absolutism in Europe

Chapter 7
Crisis and Absolutism in
Europe
Sec. 1 Europe in Crisis: The Wars
of Religion
A.
French Wars of Religion
by 1560 Calvinism and Catholicism had
become highly militant religions.
French Wars of Religion (1562-1598)French civil wars
Huguenots were French Protestants (John
Calvin)
Huguenots were powerful because of the
conversion of so many nobles
People who strongly opposed the Huguenots
were called the ultra-Catholics (had
money for large armies)
The French civil wars lasted for 30 yrs. Until
Henry of Navarre come to the throne.

Henry converted to Catholicism and issued
the Edict of Nantes which recognized
Catholicism as the official religion of
France, but gave Huguenots the right to
worship and hold public office.
II. Philip II and Militant Catholicism
Philip (Most Catholic King) wanted to
consolidate lands he had inherited from
his father. Included Spain, Netherlands,
parts of Italy and Americas
Philips reign ended in 1598. Spain had the
most populous empire in the world and
from the outside looked to the most
powerful empire in the age.
However it was not because of financial
problems, armed forces were out-of-date,
and gov’t was inefficient.
The real power had shift to England &
France
Elizabeth Tudor took throne in 1558. Leader
of both church and state.(Protestant) She
did a couple of things;
1. repealed laws favoring Catholics
2. she did not want Spain or France to
become too powerful
1588 Philip made preparations for an
armada to invade England
Spanish ships were hit hard
by England’s armada.
Spanish decided to retreat
around Scotland and
Ireland.
Many of Spain’s ships were
sank!
Sec. 2 Social Crises, War, and
Revolution
II. Economic & Social Crises
From 1560-1650 Europe faced severe
economic and social crises.
Why?
INFLATION
What caused this inflation?
influx of gold and silver from the
Americas
II. Witchcraft Trials
Many people believed in witchcraft, or
magic. Along with this they believed in
witches.
Many were charged with association to
witchcraft and brought to trial, usually the
poor and those w/out property. (75%
women)
The accused were tortured and
sometimes admitted to things that were
untrue.
III. The Thirty Years’ War



Religion was main reason for “last of the
religious wars” to be fought. War started
In 1618 (Holy Roman Empire)
Bet. Catholic forces & Protestant nobles
Cardinal of France had a main role in
making this war a political one by having
Catholic France join Protestant Sweden in
fighting the Catholics.
-
-
This war was the most destructive conflict
Europeans had every seen. Germany was
land where war was fought.
Peace of Westphalia officially ended the
war in 1648. The agreement stated;
1. that German states could decide
their own religion.
2. independent states would be
recognized
IV. Revolutions in England
-
A.
The English Revolution (civil war in
England). This war was bet. the king and
Parliament.
Stuarts & Divine Right
the king of Scotland became the king of
England (James I) He believed in divine
right of kings which stated that the king
received their power from God.
Puritans were Protestants in England. They
wanted to make the church more
Protestant.
Charles I was James I son. During his reign
Parliament passed a law that said the king
couldn’t pass new taxes without its
consent.
B. Civil War and Commonwealth
-
England slipped into civil war in 1642.
supporters of king were called
Cavaliers
supporters of Parliament were called
Roundheads
Parliament won because of a military genius
named Oliver Cromwell. Cromwell had a
good army of soldiers who were well
disciplined and trained.
-
C.
Cromwell had Charles I executed (Jan.
1649) He and Parliament abolished the
monarchy and House of Lords and
declared England a republic. When
Cromwell seen this wasn’t going to work
he dispersed Parliament and est. a military
dictatorship.
Restoration
Cromwell died in 1658. Parliament
restored England to monarchy
(Charles II)
Some problems arose:
Charles II was easy on Catholicism. His
brother, James, was a Catholic.
Parliament introduced the Exclusion Bill
which would have barred James from the
throne. This bill created two political
groups, called the Whigs and the Tories.
Charles did not like the Exclusion Bill and
had Parliament removed in 1681.
-Charles died in 1685
-Brother, James II, took over for him. He
appointed Catholics to high positions.
-Catholic monarchy loomed large.
D. Glorious Revolution
William, Mary’s husband, invaded
England in 1688. James, his wife, and
infant son fled to France without any
bloodshed (Glorious Revolution)
-
1689, William and Mary took the throne in
England. They accepted the Bill of Rights;
1. Parliament could make laws
2. could levy taxes
3. armies could only be raised w/
Parliament’s consent.
4. citizens could bear arms
5. citizens could have a jury
- Toleration Act – this act granted Puritans,
but not Catholics, the right of free
worship.
Sec. 3
Response to Crisis: Absolutism
I.
A.
France under Louis XIV
- absolutism is a system in which a ruler
holds total power (Louis XIV). This idea
was tied to divine right of kings.
Richelieu and Mazarin
These two men played an important
role in strengthening the role of
monarchy.
Because Louis XIV was so young taking
the throne, Cardinal Mazarin took
control of gov’t
Many people concluded
that the best hope for
stability in France was
a strong monarchy.
B. Louis comes to power
-pg.225
-Louis was a strict
ruler and became
known as the Sun King
or the source of light
for all people.
-
C. Gov’t & Religion
Louis est. a royal court at Versailles. It
served 3 purposes;
1. household of the king
2. offices of the state located here
3. a place where powerful subjects
came to find favors & offices
Louis XIV had complete authority over
foreign policy, the Church, and taxes.
-
-
Louis XIV did not have complete power
over local gov’t., he had to bribe local
leaders to get his will carried out.
Louis was a Catholic. He had Huguenots (
Protestant ) churches burned and their
schools closed.
D. Economy & War
- Baptist Colbert was Louis financial
officer. He believed in ideas of
mercantilism.
-
-
Colbert decreased imports (by raising
tariffs) and increased exports, built roads
and canals,
Louis raised a standing army of 400,000.
With this army he waged war four times.
E. Legacy
Louis left France with debts, and many
enemies. He left his great-grandson the
throne in 1715.
II. Absolutism in Central and
Eastern Europe
A.
Prussia
-Frederick William the Great Elector built
a large army to defend Prussia (4th
largest in Europe)
-After Frederick William, his son took the
throne in 1701. His name was King
Frederick I.
III. Russia under Peter the Great
-Ivan I was the first ruler to take the
title of czar (caesar)
-He became known as Ivan the Terrible
because of his ruthless deeds.
- After his death, Michael
Romanov became new czar.
The Romanov dynasty
included Peter the Great
(1689)
-Peter wanted to westernize Russia. He
knew by doing so, he could make Russia a
great power.
Peter wanted;
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Reorganize the army
Form first Russian navy
Wanted community governed by law
Wanted Russians to learn etiquette
Thought Russians needed to cut beards
and robes.
Wanted women & men to mix in society
Peter need a way to open a
window to the West. He
wanted to build a new city
called St. Petersburg.
Sec. 4 World of European Culture
I. Mannerism
A.
Mannerism
marked the end of the Renaissance by
breaking down the principles of balance,
harmony, and moderation. El Greco
practiced it. In his paintings, he depicts
tensions created by the religious
upheavals.
II. Baroque Period
-
Baroque replaced
mannerism. These
artist tried to bring
together classical ideas
with spiritual feelings.
Known for its use of
dramatic effects to
arouse emotion. Most
famous for baroque
was Gian Lorenzo
Bernini
England’s Shakespeare
Elizabethan Era
included William
Shakespeare. The
“Globe” is where most
went to see theater
(3,000)
William Shakespeare was a
writer, actor, and a
shareholder in a theater
company. He also knew
English very well.
A.
B. Spanish Literature
Lope de Vega set the standard for
playwrights. He wrote 1500 plays, with
almost 500 still practiced.
Miguel de Cervantes wrote the novel
Don Quixote. This novel is looked at as
the greatest of all time.
II. Political Thought
A.
Thomas Hobbes
Hobbes wrote the Leviathan to deal
with the problem of disorder. He claimed
that before society was organized, it was
solitary, poor, nasty, and short.
B. John Locke
wrote the Two Treatises of
Government. This ruled against the
power of absolute rule.
-
Locke believed humans had natural rights
(life, liberty, and property) These natural
rights can be found in the American
Declaration of Independence & U.S.
Constitution.
Quiz Sec.3&4