Transcript World History Ch 5 Notes

CONFLICT & ABSOLUTISM
IN EUROPE
Chapter 5
Pages 69 to 90
EUROPE IN CRISIS
Lesson One – Page 72
I. SPAIN’S CONFLICTS
• _________________ & Catholicism became very
combative & aggressive in _______________ others
• Conflicts Caused by…
•
•
•
•
religion
________________________
social
________________________
A. SPAIN’S MILITANT CATHOLICISM
• __________________ – Hapsburg Dynasty
• Holy Roman Emperor, King of _____________ & _______________ of
Austria
• divided ______________ & _______________ to live in a monastery
• _______________________________of Aragon’s nephew
• ________________________ –
• _________________________of Charles V
• became Holy Roman Emperor
• __________________________– reign 1556-1598
• __________ of Charles V & husband of _________________ (of England)
• Inherited Kingdoms of Milan, ____________________________, Sicily,
_________________________, the Americas, & Spain
• Insisted that all subject conform to ____________________________________
• Expelled the _____________________________________
• __________________________ were force to convert or live in exile
• Nickname “___________________________________________”
B. RESISTANCE FROM NETHERLANDS
•
Spanish Netherlands…
• _____________ provinces & had very little in common with _____________
• mostly __________________________ & didn’t want to be Catholic
• King was Philip II & ________________ hated him due to ____________________________ &
religion
• WAR! –
• Prince of ______________________, William _________________________, led opposition in north
• _________________ year war
• ______________________ ended the war
• RESUTLS…
• ______ northern provinces became _________________________________
• The ________________________________________of the Netherlands
• ___________ southern provinces were Catholic & remained with ________________________
C. PROTESTANTISM IN ENGLAND
• _________________________ (Tudor Dynasty)
• came to throne in 1558
• ______________________ all laws that favored _________________
• ________________________________ named her “the only supreme governor” of
both ______________________ & State
• Tried to keep Spain & _________________________ from gaining too much power by
always supporting the ________________ of the two
• Wanted to avoid __________________ at all cost
D. DEFEAT OF THE SPANISH ARMADA
• 1588, ________________________ wanted to invade England to
overthrow __________________________and restore the
____________________________ faith
• The Spanish ____________________________ was defeated
• Philip II reign ended in ______________________…
• Country was ___________________________
• ________________________________were out of date
• Government was ________________________________
• England and France were ___________________ powerful
II. THE FRENCH WARS OF RELIGION
1562 - 1598
• CAUSES:
• __________________________ – catholic vs ___________________
• ___________________ – nobles & others vs French _________________
• _________________________ Kings persecuted _________________
• Protestant faiths ________________________ throughout France
despite the Catholic attempts to stop them
A. HUGUENOTS
• French Protestants influenced by ____________________
• _____________% of France’s population
• _________________% were nobility
• huge threat to the ____________________
•
• Catholic Party aka: The____________________________
opposed the Huguenots
B. HENRY IV & THE EDICT OF NANTES
• Henry of _______________ succeeded King ___________in 1589
• King __________________________of France
• 1st King of __________________________________ Dynasty
• _________________________, but can’t be King of France & protestant
• converted to ____________________________
• Edict of __________________________…
• recognized Catholicism as ___________________ religion of France
• gave ______________________ the right to worship & hold ___________________
• Appeased both sides & ______________________________ ended
III. CRISES IN EUROPE
• Political Problems…
• Big ______________________________________
• Monarchs gaining too much _______________________________________
• Religious Warfare…
• Catholics vs _________________________________
• Economic Crises…
• Increase in ____________________________
• _______________________________________
• Financial decline
• Social Unrest…
• Population _______________________ by 1650 due to war, plagues, ______________
• Witchcraft trials
IV. THE THIRTY YEAR’S WAR: 1618-1648
AKA – LAST OF THE RELIGIOUS WARS
• Peace of ___________________________ (1555) –
• Churches in _____________________ could be either Catholic or ______________________
– NOT __________________________________________ – PROBLEM!!!
• By 1600, Calvinism spread throughout Europe
• 1608 – Lutherans join the Protestant ___________________________
• 1609 – Catholic German Princes formed the Catholic ___________________________
• THREE CAUSES…
1. Religion –
- 1618: Holy Roman Empire (Catholic) vs Calvinist
Nobles in ______________________________
2. Politics –
- Denmark, Sweden, France, & Spain joined war
- __________ wanted to defeat Holy Roman Empire and
_____________________ to gain more power
3. Territory - destroyed _____________________________
- _________________ only European power not involved
- Sweden, France, & their allies gained new __________
• Peace of ___________________________________:
• 1648 – Ended the ______________________years war
• Sweden, France, & their allies gained new land
• Strengthened _______________ b/c they received _____________________ territory
• Holy Roman Empire’s _______________________were divided into
independent states with their own freedom to decided _____________
and foreign policy
• German Princes were now ___________________ of the Holy Roman Emperor
• Weakened ___________________________states of Spain & Austria
• Europe became a group of equal, independent states – abandoned
the Catholic Empire
WAR & REVOLUTION
IN ENGLAND
Lesson 2
Pages 77 to 80
I. REVOLUTIONS IN ENGLAND
A. THE STUARTS & DIVINE RIGHT
• Elizabeth I – dies as the last _______________________ Monarch
• James I – her cousin, ____________________________, takes the throne in 1603
• believed in “_____________________________________________”
• he was only responsible to and answered to __________ because his power came from God
• _____________________________ did not agree with James I
• defended the Church of England
• most of the nobility were _________________________ inspired by ____________________
and wanted to make the church more protestant
• the ___________________________ also made up a large portion of parliament – PROBLEM!
• ____________________________________ – takes the throne after his father James I dies in
• believed in Divine Right like his father
• 1628 – Parliament passes the ___________________________________
• placed limits on king’s ability to…
• tax
• ______________________________________ citizens without cause
• ____________________________ troops (housing soldiers in private homes without owner’s permission)
• institute __________________________________________ (placing the highest-ranking military officer as the
head of the government, thus removing all power from the government)
• For the 1st time the _____________________ was higher than the _____________________________
• Charles I ________________________________the law and changed the Church of England
• Thousands of Puritans left England and went to _________________________________________
B. CIVIL WAR & COMMONWEALTH
• 1642 – Civil War in England; Cavaliers vs Roundheads
• ____________________________ – supporters of the King
• ____________________________ – parliamentary forces
• ___________________________ were victorious due to
____________________________ and his New Model Army
who consisted of Puritans
• Cromwell’s Military Dictatorship…
• took over the __________________________________________ immediately
• removed all _________________________________________ members who did not support him
• Eventually __________________________________ Parliament all together
• January 30, 1649 – he had ___________________________________________________________
• Never before had a reigning monarch faced a public trial and ___________________________
• Abolished the ______________________________________
• declared England a _____________________________ (a type of republic) – then became dictator
• Created laws that promoted Puritan morality & abolished “____________________” activities…
• Theater, Sporting Events, & Dancing
• Had religious toleration for all Christians with the exception of ___________________________
• Even allowed _____________________________ back into England
C. THE RESTORATION
• Cromwell ruled until his death in 1658
• 1660 – monarchy & _____________________ was restored to power
• ______________________(Charles’ I son) became King & was a
Catholic supporter
• became _________________ before his death, had no children
• Parliament held most of the power & was suspicious of Charles II’s
• Parliament passed the ____________________– only __________________
could hold military and government positions
• 1685 - __________________________ (Charles II’s brother) becomes next
King of England
• was a ______________________________
• ignored the Test Act and gave gov’t, army, navy, and university jobs to
_________________________________________
• Parliament didn’t want another war and did nothing because he was really
old and his two oldest children, ___________________________, were both
_________________________________
• PROBLEM – James II’s youngest child with his 2nd wife was a Catholic
_____________! The son would become ___________________- before the
older daughters
• Parliament did not want another __________________________ Monarch
D. A GLORIOUS REVOLUTION
• English nobility wanted James II ____________________ from power due to
him and his son (heir to throne) being ___________________________
• They invited the Dutch leader ___________________ of Orange and __________
(James II’s daughter) to a secret meeting to discuss overthrowing the King her father
– William and Mary were ________________________________
• Nov. 1688 – Williams troops landed in England
• James sent his soldiers in, but most of them _________________________
• James II, his wife, & their son fled to ________________________________
• 1689 -Glorious Revolution – ________________ overthrow of the monarchy
• Jan. 1689 – William & Mary become King and Queen of _____________
• Parliament passed a _______________________________…
• Parliament could make laws & levy ______________________
• made it impossible for monarchy to oppose or ______________________
Parliament
• armies could only be raised with _________________________ consent
• citizens had the right to _____________________________
• citizens had the right to a ______________________________
+++ Parliament destroyed the “Divine Right Theory” +++
- King now has to work with & answer to Parliament
ABSOLUTISM IN EUROPE
Lesson 3
Pages 81 - 85
I. FRANCE UNDER LOUIS XIV
• Absolutism – ruler holds total power & tied to the theory of Divine Right
• monarchs received power from God & only answer to God
• Absolute Monarchs had the ability to…
• make laws, levy taxes, administer justice, control officials, & determine
foreign policy without the consent from anyone
• King Louis XIV of France is the best example of an Absolute Monarch
• controlled everything from culture, language, manners, law, wars, etc.
A. RICHELIEU
(KING LOUIS XIII)
• _____________________ for the Catholic Church
• Royal Minister for _______________________________
• only ____ years old when his father died & he became King
- his father was King ________________________ (henry of navarre) & died in 1610 when a man
jumped in his carriage & _____________________ Henry IV to death
• Under Richelieu’s Authority…
• __________________________ strengthened
• _______________________________ political & military rights were taken away
• Set up spies to catch _______________________ conspiring against him/Louis XIII
• many nobles were _________________________________________
B. MAZARIN & LOUIS XIV IN POWER
• 1643 – Louis XIII died and ___________________ became King at the age of ______
• Due to his age he needed a ________________________________________(like his father)
• Cardinal _________________________________ was appointed
• Under Mazarin’s Authority…
• __________________________ increased
• monarchy’s ______________________ increased
• hated by ___________________________________
• died in 1661
• Louis XIV took total control of France at the age of ______________________
• Nickname “The __________________ King” – he was the source of ________ for all of his people
• Famous Quote – “__________________________________________________”
• Surrounded himself with ____________________________
• Built the Palace at ______________________ – 11 miles SW of Paris
• In 2003 dollars cost est. $______________________ billion
• 36,000 laborers
• 6,000 horses
• Great patronage of the arts
• Made _______________ & _________________ more popular
• purpose of ________________was to glorify the king
• promote values that supported his ______________________________
• Established a ______________________ at the Palace of Versailles,
which served three purposes for Louis XIV…
1. Personal ____________________________ of the King
2. Chief ___________________ of the state were located there
3. Powerful subjects came to the palace to receive
______________ or to ask for a gov’t office for themselves
• Louis XIV wanted the highest nobles and royal Princes out of
_________________ so he kept them busy with the court life at
the Palace
• this gave him more _______________________
• The gov’t ministers were to ___________________ his every command
• He _______________________ nobles, town councils, local gov’t
officials, etc. to make sure his _____________________ were carried out
at the lower levels of gov’t in the towns and villages throughout France
• Louis XIV had a strong __________________________ policy…
• 1658 – canceled _____________________– his grandfather’s law
• ______________________ protestant churches
• closed protestant _______________________________
• converted ______________________________ to Catholicism
• 200,000 Huguenots fled the country
• Louis XIV spent lots of money on palaces, his court, _______________, etc.
and needed a strong person to run the country’s _______________________
• ____________________________________________…
• Controller-general of ______________________________
• made France ___________________________________
• increase France’s wealth & power through _____________________________
• granted ____________________________ to new industries to increase exports
• built ____________ & ___________ to improve transportation & communication
• raised ______________________________ on foreign goods
• created a merchant marine to carry French exports
• Encouraged people to move to __________________________, fur trade $$$$
• His policies made France economically strong and very wealthy
• Louis XIV also wanted to achieve _________________________ glory &
ensure that the ________________________ dynasty dominated Europe
• He had a standing army of ______________________ during war time
• War of ___________________________ Succession –
• 1700 – King of Spain ______________________________ died childless
• Throne promised to Louis XIV’s grandson who was __________ years old; ________________________
• Members of the House of ________________________ now controlled both Spain & France
• 1701 – Several European nations didn’t want the French Bourbons to have this much
control…WAR!
• Treaty of ___________________________ ended the war in 1714…
• Grandson remained King of Spain; _________________ of Spain (reign from 1700-1746)
C. LEGACY OF LOUIS XIV
• 1715 – Louis XIV dies @ _________________ years old
• died in bed ________________days before his 77th birthday
- people were ___________________ throughout France
• was King for ____________________ years!
• successor was his great-grandson who was ______ years old
- King ________________________________
POSITIVES…
• France ranked above all in art,
________________________, &
statesmanship
• __________________ leader of
Europe
• strong _____________________
colonial empire
NEGATIVES…
• constant _____________
• debt due to __________________
• subjects had resentment over
________________
• European ___________________ formed to
stop France
• ______________ countries came together to
balance power in Europe
• abuse of ________________ plagued his heirs
– led to revolution in 1780’s
II. THE SPREAD OF ABSOLUTISM
• Failed in ________________________
• Successful in central & _________________________ Europe
• Of the _________________ German independent states…
• _______________________ and _____________________ became the
two great European powers
A. THE DECLINE OF SPAIN
• _______________________came the closest to having absolute power
- 1621 to 1665
- Part of the ________________________________ Dynasty
• He was unable to remove the Spanish ___________________________
from power
• Spain declined after expensive __________ led to __________________
B. THE EMERGENCE OF PRUSSIA
• Frederick __________________________________
• inherited title of __________________ of __________________________________
• AKA - The ____________________ Elector Frederick William I (king)
• Built strong ___________________________ to ensure safety
• ___________________________ men – 4th largest in Europe
• Set up the General War _____________________________________
• Levy ________________________ for the army
• Oversee the army’s growth
• Agency for _________________________ government
• Frederick’s chief instrument to govern
• The _______________________ (Prussia’s nobility) resisted growing
power of king
• They ended up becoming ___________________ in the army
OR
• Officers for the ________________________________
• 1701- Fredrick the Great became ___________________ of Prussia
• _________________ of King Frederick William I
• King Frederick II – 1st to use the term “_______________________” of Prussia
• Loved music, ___________________________, & poetry – not military
• Believed he should be a “_________________________” to his people
• Died without a _________________ to succeed him
C. THE NEW AUSTRIAN EMPIRE
• Collection of territories held together by the _________________________
Emperor _______________________________ (reign from 1711-1740)
• _________________ of Austria, King of Bohemia, & King of Hungary
• present day Austria, Hungary, & the Czech Republic , Transylvania, Croatia,
& Slavonia
• Each area had its own ____________________ & ______________________ life
• Nothing in _______________with each other, except to serve the Hapsburgs
• _________________________________ – Charles VI eldest daughter
succeeded him as Queen
D. RUSSIA & PETER THE GREAT
• Ivan IV – “Ivan the _________________________” - first ruler to take title of
_________________________ (Russian word for Caesar)
• 1533, came to power at ________ years old – took control at __________
• expanded territories & ruled __________________ during his “good” period
• crushed the power of the nobles called ___________________________
• 1st of ___________ wives was a boyar, ________________________ Romanov – she was
the love of his life & died mysteriously
- After his death came his “bad” period & _____________________ were killed due to being
“traders”
• ___________________ his son to death over an argument about his daughter-in-law’s
clothing
• 1584, had a _________________________ while playing chess & died @
_________________
• Ivan IV’s 2nd son Czar _________________________, took
throne but was physically & _______________________
incapable of ruling
• reign 1584-1598 – had no children to succeed him
• The _______________________ Assembly chose Michael
___________________________ to become czar in 1613
• _______________________ of Ivan IV’s wife - Anastasia Romanov
• Began the Romanov dynasty which ruled for ____________ years
• 1613-1917
• ____________ the Great aka Peter ___ became czar in 1689
• Believed in _____________________________ & was an absolute monarch
• Visited ___________________ European countries and wanted to make Russia
___________________________
• GOAL #1 – To ________________________ Russia…
• introduced western customs, practices, manners, clothing, etc.
• learned western ___________________________ techniques
• introduced ____________________________
• started 1st Russian _________________________________
• modernized the army & navy; had an army of ______________ men
• GOAL #2 – To have a _____________ that would make it easier to travel west.
• _________________ Sea was only option, but __________________ owned the land
• fought Sweden _______________ years to gain a piece of the Baltic coast
• 1703, started construction of new city
• named it __________________________________ after his patron saint
• after completed, ________________________ were forced from their homes to
make new ones in the new capital
• remained capital until ___________________
• 1725 - Peter died with Russia finally being a strong European power
EUROPEAN CULTURE
AFTER THE RENAISSANCE
Lesson 4
Pages 86 to 89
I. ART AFTER THE RENAISSANCE
A. MANNERISM
• Reflected the tension of _____________________________ upheaval and the
______________________________ of religious revival
• Mannerism –
• emerged in _________________ 1520’s & 1530’s
• marked the end of ___________________________________________
• broke down the High Renaissance principles of balance,
_____________________, & moderation
• rules of __________________________________ were deliberately ignored
• elongated figures were used to show ________________________ emotions, etc.
• Best example – El Greco “______________________________”
• El Greco “The Greek”…
• move to Rome and then to ______________________
• paintings
• figures are _____________________________________
• used unusually shades of _____________ & green against stormy
backgrounds
• reflects mood and tensions created by religious upheavals during
______________________________________
• showed deep ________________________ faith of Spain
• painted saints & _____________________________
B. BAROQUE ART & ARCHITECTURE
• Replaced ________________________________
• Adopted by the Catholic _____________________________
• Brought together ________________ ideals of the Renaissance
& spiritual feelings of the religious _________________
• _______________________ effects arouse emotions
• Magnificent & rich in detail --- to show ____________________
• Example #1: Gian Lorenzo Bernini
• completed _______________________________ in Vatican City, Rome
• _________________________ of Saint Peter inside Basilica
• Example #2: Caravaggio
• placed an emphasis on ___________________ experience
• depicted ______________________ figures as commoners
II. GOLDEN AGE OF LITERATURE
A. SHAKESPEARE
• England, _______________________ Era (late 16th/early 17th century)
• Drama – most popular
• William Shakespeare, most popular writer, 1592
• ________________ Theatre very popularly because of its __________
admissions cost _________________ could attend the theater
• The ________________________ Theater, more expensive and usually
only ______________, lawyers, & __________________ could afford it
B. SPAIN’S CERVANTES
• Miguel de Cervantes:
• 1605, Wrote ________________________________ de la Mancha
• Birth of modern European ________________________
• Considered by many as one of the greatest literary works of all time
• Story… poor Spanish nobleman went crazy after reading too many books
about heroic __________________________ & then dressed up as a knight &
mistook ___________________________________ for giants