Transcript Unit 6 Part I

Absolutism and Scientific
Revolution
Chapters 5 and 6
Absolutism:
Period when a
series of European monarchs
who ruled alone and increased
the power of their central
government
• Absolute Rulers:
Centralization of power
Many believed in concept of
divine right!
Fight
for the throne—Wars
of the Roses
Lancaster (Red) vs. York
(White)
Henry Tudor (Red) wins =
Henry VII
 England
was
invaded by Philip
II b/c he had
grown impatient
waiting for
England to
become Catholic
again.
1588
Sp.
Armada-”Prot.
Wind”
Elizabeth was
successful in
defeating the
Spanish Armada!
• Died with no
heirs
• Cousins in
Scotland – Stuart
Dynasty—now
begins
Tensions
with Parliament –
Divine Right
Remembered for giving the
Puritans an English translation of
the Bible (King James Version)
King
John was
forced to sign
this document in
1215!
Limited the
king’s power &
protected the
baron’s rights
Son
of James I
Divine Right
Dissolved
Parliament for
11 years
 Irritated
the
Puritans –Many
left=Great
Migration
 Ireland Revolted,
Scotland invadedCharles needed
Parliament
English
Civil War—Charles led
an army (Cavaliers) and invaded
Parliament
Cromwell (Puritan) leader of the
Roundheads (supporters of
Parliament) defeated the
royalists/Cavaliers twice
Royalists
vs
Puritans
Charles I vs
Oliver
Cromwell
Charles I tried
for treason and
beheaded!!
Tried
to establish a Republic
with a constitution (people would
elect leader)
Eventually dissolves
Parliament—ruled as military
dictator
Restoration!!!
Restored the
Monarchy
Gave in to
Parliament b/c
of his Dad
Got New York
from the Dutch
Catholic—
remarries has
a Catholic son
His daughter—
Mary is
Protestant
 Wanted
Absolute
Authority
 Eventually fled the
country after invasion
by William of Orange
(son-in-law)
James
II was not liked, but they could
not execute him…they knew when
he died Mary (daughter/Protestant)
would inherit the thrown. His son
would rule first (Catholic) Parliament
decided to invite Mary and William
(husband) to invade country 1688
Glorious
Revolution
1688—no
bloodshed—
James II fled
First
dual monarchy
They work well with Parliament and
accept limited power (Limited
Constitutional Monarchy-monarchs
power limited by a constitution)
Parliament will pass many laws—
protecting the rights of individuals
Habeas
Corpus—individual has
the right to be seen by a judge
w/in a reasonable amount of time
either to be released or charged
w/a crime
English
Bill of Rights-monarch
could not interfere in the
elections or operations of
Parliament …and some basic
rights to citizens
Act
of Toleration-Religious
freedom to dissenters (not
Anglican)
1707
Act of Union—England and
Scotland join together
Act
of Settlement—next ruler will
have to be Protestant
Estab. A
cabinet
(group of
advisors)
Leader of the
Cabinet=Prime
Minister
Act
of Union
(1707)
Joined Scotland
and England
into the United
Kingdom
Last of the Stuart
dynasty
Colonies
French
and Indian War
American Revolution
 Treaty
of Paris
TREATY OF PARIS

Ended the American
Revolutionary War
PROCLAMATION OF 1763

King George III of England
forbid American settlers to
go beyond the line along
the Appalachians. (After
England claimed the
French lands from the
French and Indian War)
Mid-1500s—
France
destroyed by
religious
conflicts btwn
Huguenots and
Catholics
 King
of France attempted to kill the
leader’s of the Huguenots…once the
killing started mobs of Catholic Parisians
started to began a general massacre of
Huguenots. (the king’s sister, Margaret,
had just married Henry of Navarre—the
leader of the Huguenots)
1589—Henry
of Navarre became
Henry IV (Bourbon) a Protestant
wins the throne helps to resolve
chaos in France
• Converts to
Catholicism
• Edict of Nantes:
Allowed the
Huguenots to
practice their
own religion—
Religious
Toleration
1610—Louis
XIII
9 years old
Appointed
Cardinal
Richelieu as
chief minister
Strengthened the gov’t
• Destroyed power of the
nobles & Huguenots
Hand picked his own
successor – Mazarin
(wanted
to
turn France
into an
absolute
monarchy and
make it the
strongest
European
power)
1643—Louis
XIV—72 years
of rule
5 years old
with Mazarin
as chief
minister until
1661 (23 yrs
old then)
Rebellion
broke out
when he was a
child and
vowed to never
let it happen
again
Believed
in divine right
Never used the Estates-General
(similar to Parliament)
Took the sun as his symbol—
sun=center
SUN KING=center of French
nation
Louis
XIV
• Strengthened the gov’t
Tax collections—intendants
(middle class)
Army=strongest in Europe
Diversified economy: Home-taxeswealthiest state in Europe
Colonies-Furs
Louis
XIV
• Extravagant Lifestyle
• Palace of Versailles (p. 141)
• Sponsored the Arts
Louis
XIV—Setbacks
• Costly wars—Esp. the War of
the Spanish Succession 17001713 (France tried to unite
France and Spain)
• Persecution of the Huguenots:
revoked the Edict of Nantes—
Huguenots fled and hurt the
economy
• Louis XIV outlived his sons and
grandsons died in 1715—his
great grandson inherited the
throne as Louis XV
Powerful
German
state and part of
the Holy Roman
Empire
Charles VI was
king of Austria
and leader of the
Hapsburg Family
and the H.R.E.
Had
no sons;
wrote the
Pragmatic
Sanction to
allow
daughter,
Maria Theresa,
to inherit the
throne
Sanction
signed
by other
European
nations and
Pope honored it
as well, but must
marry and
husband will be
H.R.E.
Began
over
territory,
religion &
power over the
ruling families
1618-1648
Ferdinand
was
Catholic so
Protestants
feared him &
revolted
Ferdinand
II
paid his army
to plunder/rob
German
villages
Destroyed
everything!
Hapsburg
Triumphs
1st
12 years H.
armies from
Austria & Spain
crushed
Protestant
troops
Hapsburg
Defeats:
Sweden
drove
Haps. Out of
Northern
Germany
Cardinal
Richelieu &
Mazarin feared
Haps more so
sent French
troops to help!
Peace
of
Westphalia
1648
Weakened
Hapsburg states of
Spain & Austria
Strengthened
France by giving it
German territory
Made
German
princes
independent of
Holy Roman
Emperor
Ended
religious wars
in Europe
Charles VI
daughter
Heir to
Hapsburg
empire
Enemy was
Prussia
Now
part of
the country of
Germany
Frederick
William—the
Great
Elector—was
founder of the
Hohenzollern
Family
Hohenzollerns
ruling family in
Prussia
H: had the best
standing army
H: militaristic
society
Frederick
William I was
the first king of
Prussia
Started the
military and
Potsdam Guard,
personal body
guards, had to
be 7 feet tall
Son’s
friend is
beheaded
because
Frederick II and
friend tried to
run away
Frederick II had
to watch
Frederick
II—known as the
GREAT because he introduced
culture to the country and
expanded the borders of the
country by using the army
against Austria and Poland
He
enabled
Prussia to
become a
major
European
power—seized
Austrian
territory
Ivan
the
Terrible was
an awful ruler
and caused
Russia to
develop slower
than the rest of
Europe
After
Ivan’s
death and the
death of his son,
the leaders of
the country
elected Michael
Romanov to take
over
Romanov
Dynasty: founded by
Michael, and this dynasty will
last until 1918 when Nicholas II
and his family was assassinated
(Anastasia). Longest running
dynasty in European history—
over 300 years
Peter
the
Great—studied
in Europe in
order to
westernize
Europe, created
city of St.
Petersburg
“Window to the
West”
changed
diet, hygiene habits,
and dress of Russians, expanded
borders by acquiring Siberia,
created modern army and won
against Sweden to gain access to
the Baltic Sea…never won a
warm water port!!
Catherine
The Great
Catherine
the Great—German
princess
Married Russian Czar…had her
husband killed and took over
Took territory away from Poland
Punished serfs
Created schools for girls
 Greatest
accomplishment—gaining a
warm water port by defeating the
Ottoman Turks=access to Black Sea for
trade w/Europe
 Last of great absolute monarchs of the
century
 With
its emphasis on
reasoned observation
and systematic
measurement, the
Scientific Revolution
changed the way
people viewed the
world and their place
in it!
Aristotle
Ptolemy
Geocentric
Theory: earth
center of
universe
Supported this
view
Scientific
Revolution
Ppl
were
willing to
question
accepted
beliefs
Heliocentric
Theory: suncenter of
universe
Continued
Brahe’s work &
discovered
planetary
movement
Proved this
through math!
Copernicus
was right!
Planets did
revolve around
the sun
Discovered
law
of the pendulum
Built his own
telescope used it
to support the
heliocentric
theory
Went
aga church
teaching &
authority,
warned not to
but did it
anyway!
Condemned!
Logical
procedure for
gathering &
testing ideas
Developed
from previous
guys’ work!
Law
of
universal
gravitation
Earth &
heavens
Discovered
circulation of
the blood!
World’s
1st
vaccination
Small pox
vaccine!