Transcript DJS Absolute Monarchs

Absolute Monarchs in
Europe
World History
Charles V
• Hapsburg King
• Ruled Spain, Spain’s American colonies,
parts of Italy, lands in Austria and
Netherlands
• Holy Roman Emperor as well
• Ruled much of Germany
• Catholic- hated Lutherans and Muslims
• 1555 Peace of Augsburg which allowed German
princes to choose the religion for their territory
• Retired in 1556
− Brother Ferdinand received Austria and Holy
Roman Empire
− Son Philip II inherited Spain, Spanish Netherlands
and American colonies
Philip II
• Shy, serious and
religious
• Seized kingdom of
Portugal when king died
without an heir (he was
the nephew)
• Received Portuguese lands
in Africa, India and East
Indies
• Became wealthiest empire
fro the gold and silver
• Had a large standing army
Philip and Catholicism
• Wanted to be part of tradition
committed to protecting religion
• 1571 Pope called for a crusade
against the Ottoman Empire
• he used 250 ships to defeat Ottoman
fleet
• 1588 tried to punish Queen of
England- defeated
• weakened
Inflation and Taxes
• Gold and silver caused
economic problems
• Severe inflation
• More people who demanded food
and other goods allowed
merchants to raise prices
• Too much gold and silver caused
the value to drop
− It took more to buy items
• With the Moors expelled caused
problems because artisans and
businesspeople left
• Nobles not taxed, so only lower
classes taxed
− No money to open own businesses
− No middle class
Absolutism
• Monarchs attempted to control
everything
• Claimed to rule without limits
• Absolute monarchs- those who believed
that all power with their state’s
boundaries rested in their hands
• Divine right- God created the monarchy and
monarch acted as God’s representative on
Earth
− Answered only to God
Growing Power of
Monarchs
• Gained more and more power
• Decline of feudalism, rise of cities
and growth of national kingdoms
led to centralized authority
• Middle class backed monarchy
• Monarchs used wealth from colonies
• Papal authority lessened
• Great upheaval in Europe
− Large armies, more taxes
Religious Wars
• 1559 King Henry II of
France died- 3 sons ruled
by with no luck
• Mother was real power,
Catherine de Medicis
• Wars between Huguenots
and Catholics in religious
wars
• Huguenots were French
Protestants
• St. Bartholomew’s Day
Massacre
− Huguenot nobles attended
marriage of Catherine’s
daughter to Henry of
Navarre (Huguenot prince),
most the nobles were
slaughtered. Henry did not
Henry IV
• Henry of Navarre became king
when his wife and son died
• First king of Bourbon Dynasty
• Opposed because was
Protestant, converted to
Catholicism
• Stated Huguenots could live in
peace in France
• Edict of Nantes- declaration of
religious toleration
• Rebuilt France and brought
prosperity
• Made the king powerful again
• Killed in 1610
Louis XIII and Cardinal
Richelieu
• Son of Henry Louis XIII came top
power, weak king
• Chose strong minister Cardinal Richelieu to
help
• Became real ruler of France
• Was ambitious
• Moved against Huguenots right to worship,
Protestant cities could not have walls
• Weakened the nobles power
− Had to take down their fortifications
• Increased power of government agents from
middle class
• Decided to take on Hapsburgs
Louis XIV
• L’etat c’est moi.
• Strongest king of his
time
• Came to power at age 5
• Richelieu’s successor
was true ruler, Cardinal
Mazarin
− Ended Thirty Years War
making France most
powerful country in
Europe
− Nobles threatened
Mazarin and Louis XIV’s
lives- he never forgave
this
– Rebellion failed
− People tired of fighting
so believed they needed
strong king
Louis Takes Control
• Mazarin died in 1661
and Louis took
control
• Louis weakened the
power of the nobles
• Excluded them from
his councils
• Increased power of
the intendantsgovernment ages who
collected taxes and
administered justice
• Local official
communicated with
him
Economic Growth
• Wanted France to attain economic,
political and cultural brilliance
• Helped by minister of finance, Jean
Baptiste Colbert
• Theory of mercantilism- make France selfsufficient
− Gave government funds and tax breaks to French
companies
− Placed tariffs on goods from other countries
− Encouraged immigration to colonies
• Cancelled Edict of Nantes in 1685
− Huguenots left the country
− Lost skilled artisans
Grand Style
• Lived in luxury
• 100 nobles had to help him get
dressed every morning (most
privileged)
• Lesser nobles waited outside the
king’s bedroom waiting for
acknowledgment
• Increased royal authority
• Dependent on Louis XIV
• Lost power
Versailles and
Patronage
• Huge palace
outside of Paris
• Small royal city
• Patron of Arts
• Versailles was the
center of arts, made
opera and ballet
very popular
• Favorite writer was
Moliere, the writer
of funny plays
• Aided the arts
• Used to glorify the
king
Wars
• Most advanced army
• 1667 invaded Spanish Netherlands and
gained land
• In the Dutch Netherlands, he personally led
troops
− The Dutch opened dikes and flooded the French
out
− France gained some land in Treaty of Nijmegen
• Europe decided to stop France by joining
together
• 1689 William of Orange became king of England
and joined the League of Augsburg (Sweden,
Hapsburgs, and Spain)
− Able to take on France as equal
− France weakened,
− Suffering to the French in the form of new taxes
Wars Continued
• King of Spain left empire to Louis XIV’s
grandson
• Other countries felt threatened and
declared war
• War of the Spanish Succession
• England, Austria, Dutch Republic, Portugal and
German and Italian states against France
• 1701-1713. signed Treaty of Utrecht- grandson
allowed to be king but could not unite thrones of
France and Spain
• Great Britain the real winner
− Took Gibraltar
− Spain gave Britian asiento, the permission to senf
slaves to Spanish Colonies
− Britain also took land in Canada
− Hapsburgs took Spanish Netherlands and lands in
Italy
Death
• The Sun King died sad
• Regretted suffering brought to his
people
• Died in 1715
• France was a power
• Staggering debts and resentment
Thirty Years’ War
• German princes suspicious of one
another because of religion
• Lutherans joined Protestant Union in
1608, Catholics formed the Catholic
League
• 1618 Ferdinand II head of Hapsburg
family
• Ruled Bohemia- mostly Protestant
• Closed Protestant churches and the
Protestants revolted
− Sent in army to put down revolt, Protestant
princes took up the Protestant cause
Thirty Years’ War
• Conflict over religion, territory, and power
• Hapsburg Triumphs
• Crushed the Protestant princes for 12 years
• Put down the Czech uprising
• Allowed army to rob and plunder for payment
• Hapsburg Defeats
• Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden led an army that
changed the tide of war in 1630
• Drove Hapsburg army out of northern Germany
• Catholic Richelieu and Mazarin hated the
Hapsburgs more so helped the Protestants
Peace of Westphalia
• German population dropped
• Economy hurt
• Will not be unified until the 1800’s
• Peace of Westphalia ended the war
• Weakened Hapsburg states of Spain and Austria
• Gave the French territory
• German princes independent of Holy Roman
Emperor
• Ended religious wars in Europe
• New method of peace negotiation- all participants
meet to settle the problems of war
• No Catholic empire to rule Europe
• Created new modern state system
Ivan to the Romanovs
• Ivan III 1462-1505
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Conquered territory around Moscow
Liberated Russia from the Mongols
Centralized the Russian government
Son Vasily increased the power
• Ivan IV, Ivan the Terrible 1533 at age 3
• Boyars- landowning nobles struggled for power
with him
• Seized power at age 16 and named himself czar
• Married Anastasia- related to an old boyar family
the Romanovs
• Won victories and ruled justly
Ivan the Terrible
• In 1560 turned bad
• His wife died and he claimed the boyars
poisoned her
• Hunted down with police force traitors
• Executed many boyars, their families and even the
peasants on their lands
• Started a new class of boyars
• 1581 killed his own son
• Died three years later and left weak son
• After heir died Time of Troubles- boyars
claimed power
• 1613 chose new czar Michael Romanov,
grandnephew of Ivan
• Dynasty will rule for 300 years
Peter the Great
• Romanovs restored order
• Passed a law code, put down
the revolt
• 1696 Peter became ruler of
Russia
• Serfdom still went on, could
sell them like slaves, no rights
• Russia cut off from the
Renaissance and exploration
• Eastern Orthodox
• Peter visited the west Grand
Embassy tour
• Wanted a warm water port
• Learned about customs and
industrialization
• Kept his identity secret,
dressed as a peasant and
worked as one
Peter the Great’s Rule
• Wanted to compete with the rest of
Europe
• Began process of westernization
• Increased powers to force change
• Russian Orthodox Church came under state
control
• Abolished patriarch, or head of the church
• Set up the Holy Synod to run the church
• Reduced the power of the boyars
• Promoted lower ranking families to power
− They remained loyal
• Hired European officers to train army
− Imposed heavy taxes to pay for them
Westernizing Russia
• Introduced potatoes which became a
staple of their diet
• Started first newspaper in Russia
• Raised women’s status
• Ordered nobles to wear western fashions
• Pushed for education
• Wanted seaport,- went to war with Sweden and
won
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St. Petersburg after his patron saint on a swamp
25,000 to 100,000 died building the city
Ordered nobles to new capital
Russia became a great power
Parliament and England
• Elizabeth and
Parliament constantly
struggled over money
• 1603 with her death left a
huge debt
• Left no child
• Cousin James Stuart, the
King of Scotland became
King James I of England
− Believed he had absolute
authority over Parliament
− Parliament did not want
to pay debt and for
foreign wars
− Offended the Puritans
Charles I v. Parliament
• 1625 son Charles I became king
• Needed money because always at war
with France and Spain
• Parliament refused to give money, Charles I
dissolved it
• Charles I signed Petition of Right to get
money
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Would not imprison subjects without due cause
Not levy taxes without Parliament’s consent
Would not house soldiers in private homes
Would not impose martial law in peacetime
• Then ignored the petition
• Dissolved Parliament again and taxed heavily
English Civil War
• Upheld church ritual and formal prayer
book, forced Scots to accept a version of
the Anglican prayer book (they were
Presbyterian) upset Puritans
• Wanted one religion
• Scots rebelled
• Needed an army, but needed money
• Parliament restored
− Created laws that limited royal power
− King Charles I tried to arrest Parliament’s leaders in
1642, they escaped
− Mobs came after him he left and raised an army
• 1642-1649 English Civil War
• Royalists or Cavaliers against the Roundheads
• General Oliver Cromwell won against the king’s
army
• Charles I tried for treason, found guilty and
sentenced to and put to death
Cromwell
• Cromwell became leader
• Abolished monarchy and House of Lords
• 1653 became absolute ruler
• Wrote a new constitution, the first written
one of any modern European state
− Tore it up later
− Ruled as military dictator
• Put down Irish rebellion in 1649
− Gave land to English soldiers
− 616,000 Irish died
• Reformed society
• Based on morality and abolished sinful
activities such as going to the theater
• Tolerant of all Christians except Catholics
• Allowed Jews back in
Restoration
• 1658 Cromwell died
• Government collapsed
• New Parliament selected
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Voted to return Charles I son to power
Charles II arrived in 1660 to celebration
Restoration
Restored the theater, sporting events, and
dancing
− Arts flourished
− Women for the first time appeared on stage
− Habeas Corpus guaranteed the right of every
prisoner to obtain a writ or document ordering
that the prisoner be brought before a judge
– Judge would decide if prisoner would be
released or tried
– Could not put a person in jail for opposition
– Could not be held indefinitely without trial
Revolution
• Charles II left no heir, brother James
was heir (Catholic)
• Whigs opposed him, Tories supported
him
• 1685 Charles II died, James II became king
− Offended people by flaunting his Catholicism
− Appointed Catholics to high office (against the
law)
− Dissolved Parliament
• James II eldest daughter Mary was a
Protestant, married to William of Orange of
the Netherlands
− Asked William and Mary to overthrow king for
sake of Protestantism
− Led army in 1688 and took over in the Glorious
Revolution
– James II fled
Political Changes
• William and Mary vowed to govern
according to the statutes in
Parliament agreed on and the laws
and customs of the same
• Constitutional monarchy- laws limited
the ruler
• Bill of Rights made clear limits of power in
1689
− No suspending of Parliament’s laws
− No levying taxes without specific grant from
Parliament
− No interfering with freedom of speech in
Parliament
− No penalty for a citizen who petitions the king
about grievances
Cabinet System
• After 1688 no monarch could rule
without the consent of Parliament
• Parliament could not rule without the
consent of the monarch
• Governance could come to a standstill
• Created a group of ministers called the
cabinet
− Acted in the ruler’s name but really
represented the major party of Parliament
− Became a link between monarch and
Parliament
− The leader heads the cabinet and is called the
prime minister