Transcript document

Pursuit of Power
Mr. Marston
Dominion Christian High School
World History
Fall 2009
Chapter Outline
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I. Power of Kings
A. Absolutism Triumphs in France
B. Absolutism Spreads in Europe
C. Absolutism Defeated in England
II. Balance of Power
A. War of the Spanish Succession
B. War of the Austrian Succession
C. Seven Years War
D. The Partition of Poland
Power of Kings: Absolute or
Restrained
• Over time, papal power declined and royal
power increased.
• Absolutism: total power without limit or
restraint.
• a. control over nation’s finances, religion,
and nobility
• b. increase size of army
• c. develop a navy
• d. increase size of government
• e. expansion of territory
Divine Right of Kings
• God granted religious authority to kings,
which gave them absolute authority.
• They were not bound by man-made laws,
but were responsible only to God for
their actions
• Question: How did one restrain royal
power in 17th century Europe?
Absolutism in France
• Cardinal Richelieu
• Cardinal Mazarin
• Sought to increase personal power by
strengthening royal power
• Policies encouraged growth of
absolutism in France
Henry IV (1553-1610)
French king who started French absolutism
Converted from Protestantism to Catholicism
a. reduced privileges of nobility
b. increased government control of the economy
c. promoted agriculture by draining swamps to
create productive crop lands,
• d. public works projects
• e. encouraged education
• Wildly popular
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Henry IV
• Henry IV
Louis XIII (took
over throne at age 9)
• His mother, Marie de Medici, ruled
France on his behalf.
• At age 14, Cardinal Richelieu became
king’s chief minister
Cardinal Richelieu (1585-1642)
Richelieu
• French Clergyman, noble, and statesman
• 1. eliminated Huguenot (French Protestant)
opposition
He made life unpleasant on Huguenots
Forced them to house French soldiers
Huguenot children to be reared by Roman Catholics
Spies were sent to Huguenot churches
• 2. further reduced power of nobility by removing
them from government
Intendents: officials responsible to the king who
replaced nobility.
Thirty Years War: See
attachment
• 1618-1648 (Protestant vs. Catholic)
Key players:
Gustavus Adolphus: King of Sweden (16111632)
“father of modern warfare”
Tactics: integrated artillery, cavalry, and
infantry. Used more mobile artillery
France entered on Protestant side: feared
rise of unchecked Holy Roman Empire in
Germany
Peace of Westphalia (1648)
• 1. ended the war
• 2. independent Netherlands and
Switzerland
• 3. Germany was politically fragmented
into 300 plus states
• 4. German princes could decide religion
in their territory
• Outcome: France was most powerful
nation in Europe
Europe in 1648
Cardinal Mazarin (1602-1661)
• Chief minister of new child king, Louis
XIV
• Maintained policies of Richelieu
• Frondes: nobility sponsored civil war
against encroachment on feudal
liberties. Middle class sided with
nobility because of increased tax
burden. It failed to change policies of
the king.
Cardinal Mazarin
Civil War under Mazarin
• Frondes: nobility sponsored civil war
against encroachment on feudal liberties.
Middle class sided with nobility because of
increased tax burden. It failed to change
policies of the king.
• Lesson learned: Louis XIV would be heavy
handed with the nobility in controlling
them under his reign.
King Louis XIV (L’etat c’est moi)
• Reigned from 1643-1713 (Age of Louis
XIV)
• Longest serving European monarch at 72
years
• Known as “The Sun King”
Louis XIV in all his regal glory
Financial Policies
• 1. Control French finances: government
spent more than it took in.
• Appointed Jean-Baptiste Colbert:
minister of finance
• a. encouraged commercial activity and
economic self sufficiency
• b. supported mercantilism (more
exports than imports)
Military policies
• 1. naval construction
• 2. reorganized army: soldiers would owe
allegiance to king, not to officers
• Placed lieutenants colonels in army who
were responsible to the king, not to the
colonel in the army
• 3. troops would wear the same uniforms
Louis XIV soldier (far left)
Edict of Nantes (1598)
• Policy that granted religious toleration
to Huguenots (French Protestants) was
revoked by Louis XIV in 1685
• No Protestant education
• Removed Protestant churches
• Many Huguenots left France: serious
blow to small business class
• Louis XIV
Versailles
• Great palace near Paris that would
exemplify power and importance of King
Louis XIV
• Sun King: center of European life.
Versailles would become the center of
courtly life in Europe and home to
French nobility.
Versailles
Versailles
• Versailles
Foreign Policy under Louis XIV
• Expanded influence of France through
wars
• French territory expanded
• Wars were very expensive
• War of the League of Augsburg
• War of the Spanish Succession
Louis XV
• Great-grandson of Louis XIV
Absolutism in Europe
• Brandenburg-Prussia
• Austria
• Russia
Brandenburg-Prussia
Prussia
• Limited territorial definition forced
rulers to use other methods for unifying
the region.
• a. military
• b. bureaucracy
• Junkers: landed East Elbian gentry and
nobility were employed by the state as
military officers and bureaucrats.
Frederick William (1620-1688)
Frederick William
• “The Great Elector”
• Joined scattered Prussian territories
into a state
• Increased the size of the Prussian army
through heavy taxation
• Built roads, established a postal system
and developed a bureaucracy
Prussian soldiers circa 1698
Frederick William I (16881740)
Frederick William I
• “Soldier King”
• Developed reputation of Prussian army
as effective fighting machine
• Improved military discipline
• Army grew to 83,000 men
“Potsdam Giant” 6 ft tall
soldiers
Frederick II (1712-1786)
Frederick the Great
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Enlightened absolutist ruler
Supporter of the arts
Modernized the Prussian bureaucracy
Promoted religious toleration
Tripled the size of the Prussian state
Hohenzollern
• Dynastic rulers of Prussia
Prussian army under Frederick
the Great
Absolutism in Austria
• Hapsburgs: dynastic ruling family of
Austria
House of Hapsburg
• 1440-1806: supplied Holy Roman
Emperor
Growth of Habsburg Empire to
1635
Difficult to create an
absolutist state in Austria
• 1. Roman Catholic Church and nobility
were opposed
• 2. Austria’s neighbors seized their
territory (France and Prussia)
• 3. multi-ethnic empire
Joseph II (1741-1790)
Joseph II
• Tried to curb the power of nobility and
church through heavy taxation
• Centralized the government
Enlightened Absolutist
1. freed the peasants
2. pushed educational reforms
3. took over church lands
4. granted religious freedom to nonCatholics
• 5. eliminated the death penalty
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Maria Theresa
Maria Theresa
• Co-Ruler of Austria with son Joseph II
between 1765-1780
• Wielded the real power when her
husband, Francis I, was alive
Absolutism in Russia
Ivan IV
The Terrible (1530-1584)
• Became the first czar of Russia in 1547
• Greatly expanded the Russian Empire
• Had St. Basil’s Cathedral built in
Moscow
• Over time, grew more mentally unstable
St. Basil’s Cathedral
Ivan killed his son by striking
him in the head with a staff
Romanov Dynastic Family
1613-1917
Peter the Great (1672-1725)
Peter the Great
• Modernized Russia by forcing western
European ways on country
• Traveled extensively throughout Europe
• Returned with experts to help speed up
modernization
a. Improved the economy
b. Constructed a navy
c. Built St. Petersburg
d. Outlawed older Russian traditions
(beards and long oriental robes)
St. Petersburg
Peter the Great
• Introduced the Western Calendar
• Expanded Russian Territory, especially
warm water ports on the Baltic
• Defeated Sweden in the Great
Northern War (1700-1721) dispute over
Baltic Sea supremacy
• Took over control of Russian Orthodox
Church through the Holy Synod (Board
of Directors controlled by Peter)
Catherine the Great (17291796)
• Encouraged education
• Transferred church property to the
government
• Completed westernization started by
Peter the Great
• Expanded Russia by taking territory on
the Black Sea
England: no absolutist state
• English kings had to deal with
Parliament (representative assembly)
• Parliament held “the power of the
purse.” Right to tax and raise revenue
Tudor house died out
• Elizabeth I left no heirs to the throne
of England. Power passed to House of
Stuart.
• James VI of Scotland becomes James I
of England
James I (1566-1625)
• 3 issues faced James I
• A. war with Spain: he ended it
• B. Puritan demand to rid church of
Roman Catholic trappings (rituals)
Authorized a new English translation of
the bible: King James version
• C. Parliament’s demand for a greater
voice in state and church matters
James I
• Sought conformity to the Anglican
church
• Those that did not conform could leave
(Separatists), or Pilgrims.
• James I believed in the “divine right of
kings”
• Continued to dismiss Parliament
James I
Charles I (1600-1649)
• Continued policies of James I
• Alienated Parliament by dismissing them
Petition of Right (1628)
• Document drafted by Parliament
• 1. King did not have the right to make people
pay taxes without Parliamentary consent
• 2. Parliament would not tolerate arbitrary
imprisonment of any subject
• 3.No martial law could be declared during
times of peace
• 4. No quartering of troops in private homes
without owner’s consent
• Charles signed the document, but he
dismissed them Parliament.
No Parliament from 1629-1640
• Called Parliament after the Bishop Wars
(1639-1640)
• Scotland forced to come under Anglican
Church, its liturgy and prayer book
Charles needed money
• 1. “Received” loans from rich merchants
on fear of imprisonment and fines.
• 2. “Ship” money. Tax on ports for the
maintenance of a navy was extended to
non-ports.
1640-1648: Long Parliament
• Charles I forced to sign agreements:
• 1. Parliament to meet every 3 years
(Dissolution Act)
• 2. Parliament could not meet without
royal consent
• 3. no taxes were legal except those
passed by Parliament
• 4. Royal courts of Charles were
abolished
Parliament
Steps taken against the king
• Puritans demanded an end to hierarchy
of church
• Parliament took over military
• Result: Charles I took action
• January 1642: Charles arrests members
of Parliament.
• Led to Civil War
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Roundheads: Puritans, lower gentry,
merchants, and Parliament
• Cavaliers: members of nobility and
supporters of the king
Puritan Roundhead
Cavaliers
New Model Army
• Led by Oliver Cromwell
• Defeated Cavaliers at Naseby (1645)
• Charles I surrendered almost a year
later.
English Civil War
Reenactments
Parliament attempted to
dissolve the army
• Army refused to disband
• Occupied London and expelled
conservatives from Parliament
• Mini-revolution in 1648.
• Charles was recaptured
• 140 conservatives expelled from
Parliament
• “Rump Parliament”: remaining members
of Parliament
Charles I executed (January
30, 1649)
Oliver Cromwell (1649-1658)
• Leaders of the New Model Army
• Established a Commonwealth based on a
written Constitution
• Took the title “Lord Protectorate”
• England wanted a return to the
monarchy after he died (his son ruled
for one year, but was forced to resign)
Charles II (1660-1685)
• Son of Charles I
• “Restoration”: reestablishment of
Stuart monarchy
• Parliament retained much of its power
• Habeas Corpus: prisoners could not be
arbitrarily be placed in jail: must have a
trial.
James II (1685-1688)
• Roman Catholic brother of Charles II
• Believer in absolutism
William and Mary
• Mary: daughter of James II and her
husband, William of Orange were invited
to take over the throne of England
• “Glorious Revolution”: allegedly no blood
(small conflicts did break out) was shed
during transfer of power to the new
Protestant rulers.
Parliament limited William and
Mary
• Bill of Rights: 1688. limited royal power,
civil liberties were established, and no
future kings or queens could be Roman
Catholic
• Act of Settlement: 1701. Parliament
established its right to grant throne to
whomever it wished.
• England was a modern constitutional
monarchy.
Queen Anne (1701-1714)
• Sister of Mary
• 1. 1707: Formation of Great Britain with
Scotland.
• 2. England grew into an empire with the
acquisition of parts of Canada
• 3. Political parties became an important
force in the English government
House of Hanover
• George I (1714-1727)
Spoke no English
Robert Walpole: first prime minister of
England
George II (1727-1760)
Development of cabinet system in England
Balance of Power in Europe
• Assurance that no one power would
become dominant in Europe
• 1. Prussia vs. Austria
• 2. England vs. France
War of the Spanish
Succession
• No direct heir to the Spanish throne in 1700
• Left to grandnephew Philip (grandson of Louis XIV)
• Not accepted by other European powers (Grand
Alliance)
• 1713: Treaty of Utrecht
• 1. Philip could keep throne, but Spain and France could
not unite
• 2. Spain surrendered Netherlands an in the
Mediterranean area to Austria
• 3. Britain won concession in Canada and Gibraltar
• 4. England and Scotland became Great Britain in 1707.
War of the Austrian
Succession (1740-1748)
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War of Austrian Succession began in 1740 when Frederick the Great
invaded Silesia. The event was precipitated when King Charles VI of
Austria died in October 1740 leaving no son to succeed him. Charles had
gone to great lengths to assure that his throne would go to Maria
Theresa, his daughter. But Bavaria disagreed. During the internal
conflict which followed, Frederick took Silesia. Frederick allied himself
with Bavaria and invited France and Spain to take what ever they
wanted from Austria. England allied with Austria because they,
traditionally, did not like France.
Peace was finally made in 1745 with the Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle
1. Maria was recognized as ruler of Austria
2. Austria ceded Silesia to Frederick
3. Parma was ceded to Spain (from Austria)
4. Lombardy was ceded to Sardinia
5. all other conquered lands were restored to their pre-1740 condition
Seven Years War (1756-1763)
• The French and Indian War (17541763)
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On the American continent, the French fort, Duquesne, on the Upper Ohio River near
modern Pittsburgh, was attacked by George Washington. Meanwhile in Europe the conflict
revolved around an attempt to take as much of Prussia from Frederick as possible.
The confliict ended with the Peace of Paris 1763 and the Treaty of Hubertsburg
1. Frederick was allowed to keep Silesia
This in spite of the fact that he had to fight against Austria, Russia and England
2. although thousands had died not a hamlet had changed hands in terms of territory.
3. This war determined the future of Prussia. Instead of being destroyed as it
could have been it was allowed to become one of the great powers of Europe.
Peace of Paris allowed:
1. France gave England all territories in New World east of the Mississippi but not New
Orleans
2. West Indies islands were also given to England
3. France gave Spain as a compensation for Florida New Orleans and all French territory
west of the Mississippi
4. In India the French east India company was permitted to keep 5 trading posts but was to
keep out of native
Partition of Poland between
1772-1795
• Divided between Austria, Prussia, and
Russia