Transcript Unit 4 ABSENT

Absolutism and
Constitutionalism
France and The Bourbons
The Decline of Spain
Constitutionalism in England
The English Civil War
• Absolutism
– What is absolutism
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The King and the State
God and the rule of the king
State Bureaucracies
Standing Armies
Nobility
State institutions
Totalitarianism vs. Absolutism
– Foundations of Absolutism in France
• Henry IV Taxes, Peace, and the Nobility
• Sully (minister)- stability and growth
• Cardinal Richelieu (Louis XIII)
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French Nobility
Total Subordination
Royal Council and Nobility
Administrative System
» Intendants
– Huguenots and Catholic Church
• Edict of Nantes (Henry IV)
– Louis XIII and Richelieu
– High Taxes and Shortages
• France and Richelieu
– Habsburgs
– Sweden and French support
– Land and influence in Germany
– French Absolutism
• French Government and Taxes (Nobility
and Middle Class- Tax exempt status
• Mazarin and France
• Frande
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Civil Wars
Government Centralization
Economy
Louis XIV and Absolutism
• Absolute Monarchy of Louis XIV
– Sun King
– Nobility and Louis XIV
• Control of the Nobility
• Institution of the court at Versaille
– Palace of Versailles
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Royal power
State policy an nobility
Overawe the nobility
French Language and culture
Separating power from status
Centralized state administration
Professional class
– Economy and Louis XIV
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Peasants and Taxes
Wars and cost
Tariffs and Merchant Marine
Canada
Heavy taxation and agriculture
Inflation
– The Edict of Nantes- Revoked
• 1685
• Destruction of Protestant churches
and schools
• Division and French people
– French Classicism
• Resembles the arts of ancient
renaissance
• More than art
• Composers- Lully, Courperin, and
Charpentier
• Theater- Moliere and Racine
• The Wars of Louis XIV
– Professional Army
• Employed by the state not nobility
• Centralized control
• Louis and personal control
– Richelieu’s Policies continued
• Flanders 1667
• Strasbourg 1681 and Lorraine 1684
• League of Augsburg and England
– Banks and Enemies Finance
– William III of England
– Dutch King
– The War of Spanish Succession 17011713
• Louis XIV claimed the Spanish Throne
after the death of Charles II
• Charles left everything to his half-sister
grandson Phillip (Phillip V of Spain)
• Phillip V was a grandson of Louis XIV
• Fought to preserve the balance of power
in Europe
• Grand Alliance- Dutch, Prussia (HRE)
Austrians, and English
• Fought in North America as well
– Spanish main (Privateers and English Ships vs.
Spanish fleet)
– Queen Anne’s War
Charles II
Hapsburg King
of Spain
Phillip V King
of Spain
Louis XIV
Bourbon King
of France
• Most of the War fought in the low
countries (Dutch republics and
Netherlands)
• The Peace of Utrecht in 1713
• The Treaty of Rastatt 1714
• France and peasant rebellion
• French economy
• The Decline of Spain (17th Century)
– Decline of Spanish Absolute monarch
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Fiscal problems
Political incompetence
Isolationism
Mercantilism
Middle Class
• Trade Monopoly- Dutch and English
• Silver Supply and Inflation (New
World Silver)
• Aristocrats and extravagance
• Spanish kings
– War and Spanish Decline
• War with France
• War with the Dutch
• Treaty of Pyrenees of 1659
– Don Quixote
• Spanish impractical dreams of
grandeur
• Constitutionalism in England
– Constitutionalism
• Rule of law in the state
• Balance of between power of the
government and rights of the people
• Constitution must be respected by
government
– Not the same as a full democracy
– Not everyone can participate
– Decline of absolutism (1603-1649)
• Since Elizabeth I the Stuart Kings lacked
the political wisdom and power needed
• James I and divine right monarch
• Absolutism and England
• House of Commons in England
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James I and rule
Middle Class growth
King vs. House of Commons
Charles I ruled without parliament from
1620-1640
• Religious differences
– English Puritans- a majority
– Dissatisfaction with Church of EnglandCatholic rituals/rights in church
– Charles I and Archbishop Laud- Pro
Catholic
– Protestant Reformation and England
• The English Civil War 1642-1649
– Parliament
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Taxation without consent
Despotism
Limitation of Royal Power
Scottish revolt
– Religion
– Army
• King compelled to summon parliament every
3 years
• Impeachment of archbishop Laud
• Irish revolt
– Charles I and England
• Where should sovereignty reside?
• Military action against parliament
• Was beheaded in 1649
– The Fighting
• Cavaliers and Roundheads
• Parliament and their military forces under
Oliver Cromwell
• Surrender of Charles I
• Execution of Charles I- 1649
– People of England
– Loss of the King
– Rule of the King
– Puritanical Absolutism
• Commonwealth of England
– Power of Parliament
– Power of the Army in the State
– Oliver Cromwell and Lord Protector
• Cromwell’s defeat of the Royalists
• Cromwell as Lord Protector
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Puritan ideological rule
Religious toleration- except Catholicism
Revolt in Ireland
Censorship
Navigation Acts- British Merchants
» Would lead to war with the Dutch
» Boom to the economy
– Restoration of the Monarchy
• Removal of Cromwell’s institution
• Charles II
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Son of Charles I
Return to normalcy
The Test Act of 1673
The Cabal- Council of 5
» Members of Parliament
» Advisors to Charles
• Forerunner to the Cabinet system
– Relationship with Parliament
• James II
– Charles II deathbed- Catholicism
– James and Catholicism
• Rule of James II
– Secret Catholicism
– Favor of the people and parliament at first
– Had lost favor because of his Catholicism but
that threat was forgotten/disappeared during
the rule of his brother Charles II
– Violated Test Act
» Gave government jobs to Catholics
• Threat to Rule of James II
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Rebellions
Parliament objections to rule (Catholic issues)
Absoluter rule after he disbanded parliament
England feared a Catholic monarchy
Rebellions against James came from Holland
William Duke of Orange (nephew/son in law)
– Glorious Revolution
• Peaceful bloodless exchange of Power
• Return to Protestant rule
– James II son was Catholic
– Mary was married to the William Duke of
Orange form Holland
– James II would be expelled from England
• William and Mary would rule on the Laws
and Acts passed by Parliament
– Establishment of separation of Powers
– Power divided between two institutions
• The Bill of Rights 1689
– Parliament met every three years
– Elected without interference from the King
– Judiciary was independent from the crown
– John Locke and Government
• Government was invented to protect the
people- Life, Liberty, and Property
• Natural or Universal Rights
– Cabinet System and England
• King and parliament
• Relationship between two
• The Dutch Republic- 17th Century
– The United Provinces of the
Netherlands
• Won independence from Spain
• Peace of Westphalia 1648
• Dutch Golden Age
– The Dutch Republic
• Confederation of provinces
• Based on certain values that led to
economic growth and the formation
of a commercial empire
• Dutch Fishing Industry
• The Dutch East India Company 1602
– Portuguese trade in East Asia
• The Dutch West India Company
1622
– Traded in Africa and Latin America
• War with England in 1670’s
– Hurt economic growth of the Dutch
Absolutism in
Eastern Europe
Russia
Austria
Prussia
Baroque Architecture
• Lords and Peasants in Eastern
Europe
– 1400-1650 advancements for peasants
were rolled back
• Serfdom was re-imposed
• Done by nobility and rulers
– Medieval background
• 1050-1300 personal and economic
freedoms were attained
• Serfdom nearly gone
• Post 1300- revival of serfdom to combat
economic problems
– Laws passed to restrict movement and peasants
rights
– Heavy labor obligations and land seized
– Consolidation of serfdom
• Reestablishment of hereditary serfdom
– Poland, Russia, and Prussia
– 1500-1650
• Growth of estate agriculture
– Lords seized peasant lands
– Demanded unpaid serfdom labor
• Political reasons for Eastern European
Serfdom
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Weak monarchs and nobility demands
Western idea of sovereignty
Peasants- Less solidarity and political power
Landlords and town system
Ideas toward Eastern Europe
The rise of Austria and Prussia
 Austria and the Ottoman Turks
○ Thirty Years War- Habsburgs
consolidation of power
 Absolutism was achieved
 Serfdom increases
 Protestantism wiped out
 Ferdinand III created a standing army and
centralized the government
○ Hungary and land
○ Ottomans and Hungary/Transylvania
○ Ottomans under Suleiman the
Magnificent
 Ottoman State
• Ottomans attack Austria in 1683
– Habsburgs defeat the Ottomans by 1699
– Conqueror Hungary and Transylvania
– Louis XIV of France and Nobles from Hungary
• Habsburg’s controlled Austria, Bohemia,
and Hungary
– Prussia in the 17th century
• Hohenzollern control of Prussia after the
30 Years War
• Fredrick William (The Great Elector)
– Military force
– Weakened Junkers (nobility)
– Traditional Parliaments and Estates
• Consolidation of Power to Absolutism
– Prussian militarism
– Junker class became military elite
• Early Russia
– Russia and development vs. rest
of Europe (Mongols)
– Mongol Control and Rise of
Moscow
• Princes of Moscow and the
Mongols
• Duchy of Moscow
• Ivan I
• Ivan III- Novgorod and
Independence
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Mongol Khan
Dispute among the Khanates
The Khanate Golden Horde
Isolationism of Russia
Orthodox Church and freedom from
the Mongols
– Russian Czar/Tsar
• Prince of Moscow/Duchy of Moscow
• Czar and Boyars
– Service Nobility
– Military service
• Ivan the Terrible
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Autocratic Ruler
Orthodox Church
Boyars
Cossacks
Middle Class
Oprichnina/Oprichnikie
• Time of Troubles
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Ivan heir and death of his son
Invasion of Swedish and Polish armies
Cossacks in eastern regions
Nobility and control
• Michael Romanov
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Reestablishment of autocracy
Czarist control over people
Enserfment of peasants
Nobility and power
– Reforms in Russia and Peter the Great
• Russian westernization- Ivan III, Ivan IV
and Peter the Great
– Catherine the Great and enlightened despotism
• Peter and Army
– Prussian and other western advisors
• Great Northern War
– St. Petersburg
– Army and size
• Russian Bureaucracy
• Russian Peasant life
– People and assignments
• Territorial Expansion
– St. Petersburg and Baltic Sea
– Peter and War in the South- Ottoman lands and
Crimea
• Peter and western Ideas
• Absolutism and Baroque Architecture
– Palaces and Power
• Show places for the authority of the king
• Architecture played an important role in
politics because it enhanced the image of a
ruler and awed the people
• The Royal Palace was a favorite
architectural expression of
absolutist power
• Baroque was a dramatic and
emotional style
– Cities and Urban Planning
• Cities were built along orderly lines
• Large imposing public buildings
• New avenues brought speed to cities
• Long straight streets
– The growth of St. Petersburg
• Example of the tie among
architecture, politics, and urban
development
• Peter the Great built the new
western city in the baroque style
• Show place for Russia and the Czar
• In the 18th century one of the
worlds largest cities
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Straight avenues
Houses were built in uniform line
Parks, Canals, and streetlights
Each social groups was to live in a
specific section
– Western section was Peters favorite
• Peasants bore the heavy burdens to
construct the city