Transcript Crisis and Absolutism in Europe (1550 * 1715)

Crisis and Absolutism in
Europe (1550 – 1715)
Europe in Crisis: The Wars of Religion
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Spain’s Conflicts
Spain’s Militant Catholicism
By 1560 – Calvinism and Catholicism
Spain
• King Phillip II
• Son of Charles V
• Ferdinand I
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Phillip will inherit - Milan, Naples, Sicily, the Netherlands, all of Spain
1556 to 1598
Spain had expelled all of its Jews and Muslims
“The Most Catholic” King Phillip
Resistance from the Netherlands
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Spanish Netherlands
nobles of the Netherlands
Calvinism
Dutch – William the Silent, the Prince of Orange
United Provinces of the Netherlands
Europe in Crisis: The Wars of Religion
• Protestantism in England
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Elizabeth Tudor 1558
Queen Mary Tudor (Bloody Mary)
Repealed the laws favoring Catholics
New Act of Supremacy
Church of England
• Foreign Policy under Elizabeth
• Moderate foreign policy
• Defeat of the Spanish Armada
• 1588 – Phillip II - Spanish Armada
• Spanish Empire
• Spain
• Power had shifted to the French and the English
Europe in Crisis: The Wars of Religion
• The French Wars of Religion (1562 – 1598)
• Huguenots
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The French kings
French Protestants influenced by John Calvin
Ultra-Catholics
Religion
• Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes
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Catholics vs. Huguenots
1589 – Henry of Navarre - Henry IV
Catholic France
1594
Edict of Nantes
Social Crisis, War, and Revolution
Social Crisis, War, and Revolution
• Crises in Europe
• Economic and Social Crises
• 1560 – 1650
• inflation
• Growing population
• Spain
• Italy
• Population
• Growth
• 60 million in the 1500’s to 85 million in 1600
• The Witchcraft Trials
• Village culture
• The inquisition
• Common people and women
• 1650
Social Crisis, War, and Revolution
• The Thirty Years’ War
• Germany
• Peace of Augsburg in 1555
• Causes of the War
• Religion
• Political and territorial
• 1618 – in the Holy Roman Empire
• Catholics
• Protestants
• Denmark, Sweden, France and Spain
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France, directed by Catholic Cardinal Richelieu
• Effects of the War
• All European nations
• The Peace of Westphalia
• 1648
• Sweden, France and their allies new territories
• Sweden’s control of the Baltic Sea
• Divided the Holy Roman Empire
• The Holy Roman Empire
Social Crisis, War, and Revolution
• Revolutions in England
• English Revolution
• Struggle between king and parliament
• The Stuarts and Divine Right
• Queen Elizabeth I died in 1603
• The Stuart line
• James I of England
• The Devine Right of Kings
• Parliament
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The Puritans (Protestants in England inspired by Calvinist ideas)
Many of England’s gentry,
Charles I
1628 – Parliament passed the Petition of Right
Puritans
Social Crisis, War, and Revolution
• Civil War and Commonwealth
• 1642 – Civil War
• Cavaliers or Royalists
• Roundheads
• Oliver Cromwell
• New Model Army
• Independents
• Cromwell will purge Parliament
• Rump Parliament
• Charles I executed on January 30, 1649
• Abolish the monarchy and the House of Lords
• Commonwealth
• Cromwell set up a military dictatorship
Social Crisis, War, and Revolution
• The Restoration
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Cromwell - 1658
George Monk
Charles II, son of Charles I
Restoration of the Stuart Monarchy
• Restoration period
• Parliament
• Consent to taxation was accepted
• Charles II
• Catholics – his brother James
• Will suspend the laws
• Charles II will convert to Catholicism
• Parliament
• Strong anti-Catholic beliefs will pass: The Test Act
• James II
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1685
Catholic
Conflict between the king and Parliament
Parliament objected to these but stop short of a rebellion
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Mary and Anne
Parliament got nervous
Social Crisis, War, and Revolution
• The Glorious Revolution
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William of Orange
Daughter of James II, Mary
Louis XIV – Catholic king of France
November of 1688 - Torbay
• “Bloodless revolution”
• The Glorious Revolution
• 1689 – Parliament will offer the throne to William and Mary
• The Bill of Rights
• make laws and to levy taxes/consent to raise an army/ the right to keep arms and trial by jury
• governmental system based on the rule of law and freely elected parliament
• Laid the foundation for a limited or constitutional monarchy
• Toleration Act of 1689
• Divine-Right Theory
• Parliament
Response to Crisis: Absolutism
Response to Crisis: Absolutism
• France Under Louis XIV
• Absolutism
• Ruler holds total power
• Divine-right of kings
• Reign of Louis XIV
• Best example of absolutism
• Richelieu and Mazarin
• 50 years before Louis XIV
• Louis XIII and Louis XIV
• Cardinal Richelieu
• Louis III chief minister
• Huguenots
• Network of spies
• Cardinal Mazarin
• Louis XIV
• Chief minister
Response to Crisis: Absolutism
• Louis Comes to Power
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• Mazarin dies in 1661
• Louis XIV
• The Bourbon Dynasty
• Sun King
Government and Religion
• The royal court at Versailles 3 purposes:
• Household
• Chief offices
• Powerful people
• High nobles and royal princes
• “ I had no intention of sharing my authority with them”
• Local level
Religion
• Anti-Protestant policy
• The Economy and War
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Finances were crucial to Louis XIV
Jean-Baptiste Colbert
• Controller-general of finances
• mercantilism
• Decrease imports and increase exports
• Granted subsidies to new industries
• Built roads and canals
Louis built an army that numbered 400,000 during times of war
• Four wars between 1667 – 1713
Legacy of Louis XIV
• 1715 – the Sun King dies
• Left France with debt and a lot of enemies
• Told his great-grandson
Response to Crisis: Absolutism
• Absolutism in Central and Eastern Europe
• After the 30 Year’s War
• Emergence of Prussia
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Fredrick William the Great Elector
40,000 men – 4th largest in Europe
The War Commissariat
Junkers
1701 – Fredrick Williams son Fredrick I becomes king
• The New Austrian Empire
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Austrian Hapsburgs
Austria, Czech Republic and Hungary
Turks in Vienna in 1683
Hungary, Transylvania, Croatia, and Slavonia – Hapsburgs had a new empire
The archduke of Austria, King of Bohemia, and King of Hungary
Response to Crisis: Absolutism
• Peter the Great
• 15th century in Muscovy and its Grand Dukes
• Ivan IV - Czar (Caesar)
• Boyars - Ivan the Terrible
• 1598
• Time of Troubles
• Romanov Dynasty
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National Assembly (Zemsky Sobor)
Michael Romanov
Romanov Dynasty will last until 1917
Peter the Great
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Czar in 1689
Absolutist Monarch
Westernize or Europeanize Russia
1725
• Cultural Changes and a New Capital
• Western customs
• Baltic Sea
• St. Petersburg
• Military and Governmental Changes
• Peter
• To effectively govern Russia he will divide Russia into provinces
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“Police State”
“According to these orders act, act, act. I won’t write more, but you will pay with your head if you interpret orders
again”
The World of European Culture
The World of European Culture
• Art After the Renaissance
• Mannerism
• Religious tension and upheaval
• The artistic Renaissance
• The Reformation
• Mannerism:
• Balance, harmony and moderation
• Rules of proportion were ignored
• Italy
• El Greco “The Greek”
• Books on art
• Paintings
The World of European Culture
• The Baroque Period
• Baroque
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Adopted by the Catholic Reform movement
Classical ideas of the Renaissance and religious revival
Baroque = search for power
Gina Lorenzo Bernini
• Italian architect and sculptor
• Saint Peter’s Basilica in Rome
• Throne of St. Peter
• Caravaggio
• Baroque style artist
• Artemisia Gentileschi
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Female artist
Florentine Academy of Design
Portrait painter
Old Testament heroines
• Peter Paul Rubens
• Flanders – The Spanish Netherlands
• Painted a variety of genres
• Best known for painting the human form in action
The World of European Culture
• Golden Age of Literature
• England’s Shakespeare
• 1580 – 1640
• The Elizabethan Period
• Drama
• William Shakespeare
• 1592
• The Globe to the Blackfriars
• Playwright, actor and leader of Lord Chamberlain’s Men
• Spain’s Cervantes and Vega
• Miguel de Cervantes
• Don Quixote
• Don Quixote of La Mancha
• Sancho Panza
• value of both perspectives
• Theater
• Lope de Vega
• Spanish playwright
• Witty, charming, action packed and realistic
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The World of European Culture
• Political Thought
• Thomas Hobbes
• Leviathan (1651
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“solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short”
Social contract and agreed to form a state
“ the great Leviathan to which we owe our peace and defense”
Absolute ruler
Absolute power was needed to preserve order in society
• John Locke
• Two Treatises of Government – (1679-80)
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He argues against the absolute rule of one person
Natural State - state of equality and freedom
Natural Rights - life, liberty and property
Problems did exist
Government
The contract
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Government would protect the rights of the people
The people would act reasonably towards the government
If the government broke the contract
People – landholding aristocracy – not the landless masses