Transcript Chapter 16: Exploration and Expansion

Chapter 16: The Age of
Absolutism
1550- 1800
Spanish Power Grows
Protestant Wind and the
Spanish Armada
 1519, Charles V, the king of Spain and
ruler of Spanish colonies in America.
 Inherited the Hapsburg empire (this
included the Holy Roman Empire and the
Netherlands.
 Ruling two empires meant constant
religious warfare.
 Area so large became impossible to
manage
Charles V
 Abdicated the
throne.
 Divided his
kingdom between
his brother
Ferdinand and his
son Phillip
Phillip II Rule
 Strengthened the
Catholic Church.
 Made his power
absolute monarchy
(ruler with
complete authority
over government
and lives of the
people.)
Divine Right
 His right to rule
came directly from
God!
 Dedicated to
defend the Catholic
Church against
Protestant
Reformation.
Expanding Empire under Phillip
 Phillip felt he
needed to rid
himself of his
enemies.
 #1 enemy was
Elizabeth I of
England, chief
Protestant enemy.
Spanish Armada
English Fort
Burning Armada
Spanish Armada
 Phillip prepared a huge armada, or fleet, to
carry invasion force to England.
 English ships were faster and easier to
maneuver than the Spanish ships.
 Storm struck, English called “the
Protestant Wind,” sinking half the armada.
 English defeated the Armada.
Spain’s appeal to the Spanish
Pope
 Pope Alexander VI was of Spanish decent.
 Spain asked for him to allow Spain to
dominate the findings of the new world.
 Pope set a Line of Demarcation
 Dividing the “new world” into two trading and
exploration zones
 Spain
 Portugal
 Agreement was known as Treaty of Tordesillas
Decline of Spanish power
 Wars were costly and contributed to
Spain’s economic problems.
 Phillip was a supporter of the arts and
learning:
 1550-1650, a time known as Siglo de Oro
or “golden age”
El Greco- famous religious paintings
Miguel de Cervantes- wrote Don Quixote
France Under Louis XIV
St. Bartholomew’s Day
Massacre
 French Huguenots vs. Catholics
 Thousands of Huguenots massacred on
this day.
 Henry IV issued the Edict of Nantes to
protect Protestants.
 Granted the French Huguenots religious toleration
and other freedoms.
St. Bartholomew’s Day
Massacre
 Henry IV was assassinated.
 His nine year old son, Louis XIII, inherited
the throne.
 Cardinal Richeliue appointed as chief
minister:
 He sought to strengthen royal power and
crush any of those who did not bow to royal
authority.
Louis XIV comes to power
 1643, five year old Louis XIV inherited the
French throne.
 When his chief minister died, he decided
to take complete control of the throne.
 He believed in “divine right.”
 He called himself the Sun King to
symbolize his vital role within the nation.
Appointed Royal
Intendants
These officials:
Collected taxes
Recruited soldiers
Carried out policies in
the provinces
Jean Baptiste Colbert
 Louis appointed finance minister, Jean
Baptiste Colbert:
 To fuel the country’s economy, he expanded
commerce and trade.
 Taxes help finance the king’s extravagant
lifestyle.
 Louis XIV transformed a royal hunting
lodge into the grand palace of Versailles.
 Palace represented the king’s great power
and wealth.
 In a ritual known as the levee, or rising, highranking nobles would compete for the honor
of handing the king his shoes. (What is the
real purpose?)
 Keep nobles support and prevent them from
becoming to powerful.
 Under Louis XIV, France
became the strongest
state in Europe.
 Prosperity began to erode
because of Louis’s
policies:
 Fought costly wars
 Revoked the Edict of
Nantes (driving out
100,000 Huguenots out of
France.)
Parliament Triumphs in England
Tudors Rule
 England ruled by the Tudors.
 Ruled by “divine right.”
 Tudors kept good relations with
Parliament.
Stuart’s come to power
 King James I, became the first Stuart king.
 He inherited the throne from Elizabeth I,
after she died childless in 1603.
 He claimed absolute power.
 Parliament resisted the kings claim.
 James disagreed with parliament over
money.
James I vs. Dissenters
 Dissenters were
protestants who
disagreed with the
Church of England.
 Puritans was one of
the groups. They
wanted:
 Simpler services
 More democratic
services
 No bishops
Charles I comes to power
 1625 Charles I inherits throne.
 He believed in absolute monarchy
 Tension between Charles I and Parliament
 English Civil War lasted from 1642- 1651:
 Supporters of Charles I were known as
Cavaliers.
 Supporters of Parliament were known as
Roundheads.
English Civil War
 Charles I vs.
Parliament.
 Oliver Cromwell,
leader of
Parliament forces,
guided them to
victory.
 1649, Charles I
was beheaded.
Oliver Cromwell’s Rule
 House of Commons abolished the
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
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monarchy, declared England to be a
republic under Cromwell.
Many new laws reflected Puritan Beliefs.
Cromwell did not tolerate open worship for
Catholics.
Respected other Protestant faiths.
Welcomed Jews back to England.
Cromwell Dies
 People hated strict
Puritan ways.
 Cromwell dies in
1658.
 Parliament invites
Charles II to return
to England as king.
James II comes to Power
 Charles II’s successor, James II, was
forced from English throne in 1688.
 Protestants feared that he planned to return
the Roman Catholic Church to power in
England.
 Parliament offered the crown to James’s
Protestant daughter Mary and her husband
William.
James II
Glorious Revolution
 William and Mary take the throne but are
forced to accept the English Bill of Rights.
 This helped establish a limited monarchy.
 This bloodless overthrow of James II was
known as the Glorious Revolution.
Monarchy to Oligarchy
 Britain becomes a
constitutional
government- power
was defined and
limited by law.
 Cabinet set policy.
 Development of
oligarchy- a
government that was
run by a powerful
few.
The Rise of Austria and
Prussia
 By 17th century the Holy Roman Empire had
become a mix of several hundred small,
separate states.
 Holy Roman Emperor was chose by seven
leading German princes called electors
(remember Martin Luther?)
 Emperor had very little power over the
numerous princes.
 This power problem led to several wars.
Thirty Years’ War
 Thirty Year War began when Ferdinand,
the Catholic Hapsburg king of Bohemia,
wanted to suppress Protestants and
declare royal power over nobles.
 This led to widespread war in Europe.
 The war devastated the German states
Thirty Years’ War
 Mercenaries, or
soldiers for hire:
 Burned villages
 Destroyed crops
 Murdered and tortured
villagers
Results of the War
 This led to famine
and disease.
 Thus caused
depopulation, or
reduction in
population.
New State of Prussia
 1648 series of treaties known as the Peace of
Westphalia were established.
 Austria was becoming a strong Catholic state, a
region within the German states called Prussia
emerged as the new Protestant power.
 1713 Prussian ruler Frederick William I came to
power. He created a new bureaucracy and put
great emphasis on military power.
War of the Austrian Succession
 Maria Theresa
became empress
after her father’s
death in 1740.
 Frederick II of
Prussia seized the
Hapsburg province
of Silesia.
War of Austrian Succession
 Eight-year war, War of Austrian
Succession, began.
 Maria Theresa tried to force Frederick II
out of Silesia, but was unsuccessful.
 She was able to preserve her empire and
won support of her people.
 She strengthened Hapsburg.
European Powers
 By 1750’s
European powers
included:
 Austria
 Prussia
 France
 Britain
 Russia
(Austria vs. Prussia)
Absolute Monarchy in
Russia
Europe 1600’s
Isolationism
 1600s, Russia was
isolated from the
rest of Western
Europe and
remained a
medieval state.
Peter the Great
 Tsar, Peter the Great, transformed Russia
into a leading power
 Peter the Great modernized Russia
through a policy of westernizationadopting western ideas, technologies, and
culture.
 Peter became an autocratic monarch- one
who ruled with unlimited authority.
Peter’s Brutal Rule
 All institutions were
under Peter the
Great’s control.
 He executed anyone
who resisted the new
order.
 He forced boyarsland holders- to serve
the state or military
positions.
Social and Economic Reform
 Increased military power and extended
Russia’s borders.
 Russia lacked a sea port, which would
increase trade with the west.
 The Black Sea would have been the
nearest port, but controlled by the
Ottoman Empire. He could not defeat the
Ottomans.
St. Petersburg
 Determined to expand Russia’s territory,
Peter wage war on Sweden winning land
along the Baltic Sea.
 He built the new capital, St. Petersburg
(take a shot who it was named after.)
 It became a symbol of modern Russia.
 Peter dies in 1725, but leaves his legacy.
Catherine the Great
 In 1762, Catherine
ruled as an absolute
monarch.
 She embraced
western ideas and
expanding Russia’s
borders.
Catherine’s Accomplishments
 Under her rule laws were codified.
 She supported state education for boys
and girls.
 After waging war, she defeated the
Ottoman Empire, thus giving Russia a
warm water port on the Black Sea.
St Petersburg
Battle for Poland
 In 1770’s Russia,
Prussia, and Austria
all wanted Poland.
 In order to avoid war,
the three kingdoms
agreed to partition, or
divide up, Poland.
 In 1772, Russia
gained part of eastern
Poland.