Transcript Age of Absolutism Power Point

The Age of Absolutism
Louis XVI: What is this picture trying to convey to the observer?
What do you see?
How does it convey power?
Terms to Understand
• Divine Right
• The belief that God chose a ruler to rule.
• Absolute Monarchy
• A monarch who has unquestioned, absolute rule and
power.
• Monarch
• A ruler who is part of a ruling family that passes down
power from generation to generation
• Balance of Power
• Countries have equal strength in order to prevent any one
country from dominating the others.
Charles V and the Hapsburg Empire
• In 1519 Charles V, grandson of
Ferdinand and Isabella, not only
inherited the Spanish throne but also
was heir to the Hapsburg Empire
including the Holy Roman Empire, and
Netherlands.
• Ruling 2 empires kept him engaged in
constant warfare
• Exhausted and disillusioned Charles
gave up his titles and entered a
monastery in 1556
• He divided his empire between his
brother, who had central Europe and his
son who he gave Spain, Netherlands,
southern Italy, and Spain’s overseas
empire.
Spain’S EmpirE
Spain Under Philip II
• Philip ruled over the Netherlands,
which was predominately
protestant and had support from
Elizabeth of England. She also
encouraged her captains to
plunder Spanish treasure ships
• Philip sends his Armada to attack
England but a storm scatters the
ships and was it was defeated.
This will begin the decline of
Spanish power
The Defeat of the Spanish Armada signals
the beginning of the decline of Spain
El Greco / Spain's Golden Age
El Grecco / View of Toledo
Velazquez las Meninas
Rise of France
• Like a skillful puppeteer, Cardinal Richelieu
worked behind the scenes of Henry IV and
Louis XIII to change French foreign policy.
• His main goal was to centralize power around the
monarchy and make France the leading power in Europe.
• He went against the Edict of Nantes, stripping away the
many rights and freedoms given to French Huguenots
and other religious groups by Henry IV.
• Richelieu picked his successor Cardinal
Masserine who would watch over the new king,
Louis XIV.
Cardinal
Richelieu
Louis XIV:
The Sun King
• The Fronde uprising traumatized
Louis when he was young.
• He claimed divine right.
• Like the sun is the center of the
universe and everything revolves
around it, Louis XIV believed
“L’etat, c’est moi” (I am the state).
• He centralized government, or
brought everything to depend on his
rule, run from his palace.
• His palace at Versailles became a
symbol of his absolute power.
The Sun King’s Palace at Versailles
The Versailles Palace Today
The Hall of Mirrors
The Queen’s Bedroom
Louis XIV
Loved to
Spend
Money!!!
The Chapel at Versailles
The King’s Bedroom
One of the Gardens at
Versailles
Louis XIV:
The Sun King
• He ruled for 72 years
• He ignored the Estates General (French Parliament/ Congress)
• He built up the strongest military in Europe, funded, trained,
and loyal to the central government.
• He spent lavishly, in the arts and architecture. During his reign
France became the cultural model for other countries and ballet
came to be an important art form.
• He neglected the common people.
• He revoked the Edict of Nantes
• English and Dutch kings fought with him to try to keep a
balance of power in Europe.
• His wars left the treasury drained.
The Family of Louis XIV
The Thirty Years War (1618-1648)
• The Thirty Years' War was a series of wars principally fought in Central
Europe, involving most of the countries of Europe.] It was one of the longest
and most destructive conflicts in European history, and one of the longest
continuous wars in modern history.
• Initially, religion was a motivation for war as Protestant and Catholic
states battled it out even though they all were inside the Holy Roman
Empire. Changing the relative balance of power within the Empire was at
issue. Gradually, it developed into a more general conflict involving most of
the great powers of Europe. In this general phase the war became less
specifically religious.
• Murder, torture then famine and disease led to a severe depopulation of the
German states
• The Treaty of Westphalia ends the war with France gaining territory, the
Hapsburgs losing territory and the Netherlands and Swiss Federation
gaining independence. Germany was divided into more than 360 kingdoms
Austria
• Despite loses during
the 30 Years War, the
Hapsburgs family
formed a strong
Catholic nation in
Austria. They had
strong leadership
under Maria
Theresa, 1740-1780.
Maria Theresa
• The Pragmatic Sanction – A royal decree by
Charles VI (1718) having the force of law by
which Europe’s rulers promised not to divide
the Hapsburg lands and to accept a female
succession.
• She made war with Prussia when they seized
some of her land (Silesia).
– Despite a lack of knowledge in politics, she was a
good enough politician to get help from other
nations (Great Britain and the Netherlands).
Prussia
• Became a powerful Protestant state.
• North German Princes called Hohenzollern
united their lands after the Peace of
Westphalia.
• They took the power of the other lords, known
as Junkers, but gained their loyalty back by
giving them powerful jobs in the army.
• They centralized government as an absolute
monarchy under Frederick William, who did
this by forming one of the fiercest militaries ever
seen…
– “Prussia is not a a state which possesses an army, rather an
army that possesses a state.”
Prussia
• Frederic William’s son,
named Frederick II, who
was treated harshly by his
father, became a brilliant
military leader, and was
given the title Frederick
the Great.
• Austria and Prussia had
both arisen as powerful
states, and competed with
each other for power over
central Europe for a long
time to come.
Frederick the Great of Prussia
The War of Austrian Succession
The War of Austrian Succession
• Frederick the Great invades the Austrian
territory of Silesia.
– Enormous desire to expand Prussian territory.
– Silesia rich in natural resources.
• Frederick the Great rejected the Pragmatic
Sanction which justified Maria’s power.
• Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
– Officially recognized Prussia’s rise as an important
European nation.
The Seven Years’ War (Prussia Cont’d)
• Maria Theresa was determined to get Silesia
back.
• She becomes allied to Russia, who’s Empress
Elizabeth was an archenemy of Frederick the
Great…we now have the tables set for another
war.
• Frederick the Great, by the war’s end, is able to
keep most of Silesia.
The Seven Year War / French and
Indian War/ First World Wide Conflict
• Alarmed by the growing power and ambition of Frederick the Great,
France,Spain,Austria,Saxony,Russia,and Sweden formed a coalition with
the intention of destroying - or at least crippling - Prussia. Frederick, struck
first by invading Saxon knocking them out of the war. Britain, already
involved in colonial conflict with France in North America and India, allied
with Prussia.
British concentrate on defeating France in colonial conflicts, while
supporting Prussia in Europe with large cash subsidies, and a small army
sent to western Germany. French resources were drained having to fight in
Europe, enabling the British to be successful in their colonial campaigns,
winning decisively in America and India, and Frederick was able to fend off
the coalition against him, Russia dropped out of the war in 1762 when
Catherine the Great became empress; Sweden also came to terms with
Prussia in 1762.
• Treaty of Paris ends the war helping to create a huge British empire
Russia
•
•
•
•
Peter the Great
Czar- from the Romanov family
7 feet tall
Took over when he was 10, but
did not really exercise power
until 1689.
• Grew up going to the “German
Quarter” and learned of new,
western technology.
• Worked numerous jobs to learn
skills
• Sought to “westernize” Russia
Russia
(continued)
• Peter’s goals
-Westernize Russia
-Strengthen the military
-Expand Russia’s borders
-Centralize royal power
• He did this by forcing the landowning nobles, called boyars into
service of the government or the military.
• He also took control of the Eastern Orthodox Christian
Church
Russia
• Peter the Great made Russia better by bringing
western technology and “upgrades” into the
country.
• Peter the Great made life worse for the Russian
people by
– Bringing serfdom into Russia
• Forcing serfs to work in the army or on public
projects
– Showing no mercy to anyone who resisted his changes.
• He tortured and killed anyone who resisted, including his
own elite palace guards –whose corpses he left rotting in
the streets.
Russia
• Peter the Great’s biggest
problem was that Russia had no
warm water ports. He battled
with the Ottoman Turks to try to
gain control of the Black Sea, but
could not defeat them.
• He had, however, defeated
Sweden for good cold water
ports along the Baltic Sea.
• Peter built his capital, the city of
St. Petersburg, on the Baltic
Sea, giving him a “gateway to
the West.”
– He forced laborers to drain a
swamp along the Neva river,
resulting in hundreds dead.
St Petersburg
Russia Under Peter the Great
Catherine the Great
• When Peter the Great died, he
did not leave an heir to the
throne. The Romanov family
began to battle for power.
• Catherine was born in Prussia,
but came to Russia to marry Czar
Peter III. She learned Russian
an converted to Orthodox
Christianity.
• Peter III went crazy, and was
assassinated by his own
guards… who then made
Catherine their leader.
Catherine the Great
• She embraced Peter the Great’s ideas of
westernization and serfdom.
• She became strong by letting the boyars go without
paying taxes and taxing the peasants heavily
herself. Many more Russians were forced into
serfdom.
• She defeated the Ottomans to gain control of the
Black Sea and gains a warm water port!!!.
• In the 1790s she divided up, or partitioned, Poland
between Russia, Prussia (Under Frederick the
Great) and Austria. By the time they were done,
Poland would be gone from the map, not to reappear as a free Poland until 1919.
The English Civil War
World History
Objectives
• After we finish this section, we should be
able to:
– Explain how the English Civil War limited the
power of the English monarchy
– Analyze English rights that were protected by
the results of the English Civil War and their
impact on the American Revolution
Prologue
• Queen Elizabeth of England produced no
children, so the crown of England passed
to James I, a Stuart (Scottish)
• Parliament was the government body
made up of representatives who advised
the king or queen on how to run the
country
• James would struggle with Parliament to
take more power
James of Scotland
• James asserted his authority over the
government, and this led to conflict with
Parliament
– James believed in the principle of divine right
– God made him king
– He spent lavishly on his lifestyle, and ran up
England’s expenses
– Also ended a war with Spain that forced
England to pay war reparations to Spain
James’ Religious Views
• The Puritans were Christians who
disagreed with the Anglican church and
wanted to purify it of its Catholic traditions
and rituals
• James, who was Anglican, responded to
the Puritans by threatening them – many
Puritans fled to North America and settled
in the English colonies
• James has a group of scholars write a
new translation of the Bible – King James
Version
Charles I
• After James, Charles I of England took over
and behaved very badly
– Marries a Catholic woman
– Charles dissolved Parliament after they wouldn’t
fund a war
– Forced farmers to supply loans, or threw them in
jail
– He quartered troops in people’s homes and
declared martial law in towns – military courts and
rule
The Petition of Right
• When Charles was desperate and called
Parliament again, they forced Charles to sign
the Petition of Right
– Charles couldn’t collect taxes or force loans
– No imprisonment without cause
– No quartering of troops
– No martial law
• Charles dissolved Parliament and ignored the
Petition of Right, even after he signed it
Parliament’s Power
• Charles again recalled Parliament to fight a war
against invading Scots
– Parliament voiced its complaints
– Charles dissolved them again
– Charles, desperate for money, reconvened
Parliament again
• This new Parliament worked to decrease
Charles’ power
English Civil War
Oliver Cromwell led the
Roundheads to victory in
1646, when the Royalists
surrender
Charles is put on trial and
executed –shocking to just
about everybody
The Commonwealth
• The new government was a commonwealth, an
elected government
• It crushed opposition from Royalists in Ireland
and Scotland, and also Levellers, who
supported the vote for all men
• Cromwell dismissed Parliament and placed
England under Puritan military rule
• When Cromwell dies, his son can’t maintain
power and England returns to a monarchy
Charles II
Charles was known as
the Merry Monarch
because he strongly
supported the arts,
science, entertainment,
etc.
Parliament settled
England’s religious
issues
The Church of England
(Anglican) became the
state religion
The Puritan clergy were
removed from the
churches
Constitutional Monarchy
• England became a constitutional monarchy
– Power of the monarch was limited by the English
constitution, which was based on certain official
documents and other legal traditions
• This limitation of the monarch made many
other European monarchs (who ruled by divine
right or were at least absolute monarchs) feel
threatened
The Succession of James
• Charles was known as a philanderer and never
produced any legitimate children by a married
wife
• After Charles died, his brother James took the
throne. James was Catholic
• James attempted to re-establish the power of
the monarchy and make it absolute again
James
• James wanted absolute power, and claimed the divine
right of kings
• He felt that as king he had the right to suspend or
ignore laws, regardless of Parliament, and appointed
Catholics to high office. Many feared he would restore
the Roman Catholic Church. Parliament became
concerned when James’ wife gave birth today a baby
boy, heir to the throne, and Catholic
• When Parliament opposed James, he eventually fled
the country bringing about what was known as the
Glorious Revolution or Bloodless Revolution
William and Mary
• Mary, his protestant
daughter, who was, married
William of Orange (Dutch
Netherlands), was invited to
rule England together as
William and Mary.
• James knew he had no
support in England and fled
– She swore to observe the
rules of Parliament
Restriction of the Monarchy
Under the rule of William and Mary, Parliament
passed a Bill of Rights restricting the powers of
the English monarchy
King couldn’t raise taxes, maintain an army, or suspend
laws without parliament
Parliament should have freedom of debate
Individual rights should be guaranteed, such as the
right to a jury trial, and freedom from cruel and unusual
punishments
Parliament had also previously passed a law
preserving the right of habeas corpus – no one
could be held without being accused of a crime
Summary:
• Absolute monarchies with centralized governments
began to rise to power in Europe.
• The dominant forces in Europe were England,
France, Prussia, Austria, and Russia.
• Religious divisions were evident Protestants
(England + Prussia), Catholics (France + Austria),
and Eastern Orthodox Christianity (Russia).
• Competitions formed between certain nations.
-England v. France- in the new world
-Prussia v. Austria over the German States
• Alliances were formed between these powers
constantly to preserve a balance of power in
Europe. These alliances would also shift depending
on the goals of the leaders involved.
•
Overview: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gMCX0gQmL0g
Vocabulary
Concepts:
• absolute monarch
• divine right
• balance of power
• habeas corpus
• limited monarchy
• westernization
• boyar
• Partition
• Hapsburg Empire
• Ottoman Empire
• Edict of Nantes
• 30 Years War
• Peace of Westphalia
• warm water port
• czar
• Versailles
• Estates General
• Parliament
• Eastern Orthodox Church
• English Civil War
• The Glorious Revolution
• Bill of Rights
People(s):
• Charles V
• Suleiman
• Philip II
• Huguenots
• The Romanovs
• Peter the Great
• Catherine the Great
• Frederick William
• Frederick the Great
• Cavaliers
• Roundheads
• The Stuarts
• serfs
• Boyars
• Hohenzollern
• Cardinal Richelieu
• Louis XIV
• Maria Theresa
• Charles I
• Charles II
• Oliver Cromwell
• Junkers
• William and Mary
Complete this chart:
Spain
Type of
Government
+ Leaders
Wars
Religion
Important
Events
(other than
wars)
France England Austria
Prussia Russia