Transcript Dynasty

The Habsburg Dynasty
The Habsburgs
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Ruled Austria since
the 1400's
Controlled many
different ethnic and
religious groups
Would be able to
control all of the
people within Austria
because of the
constant dynastic rule
Charles VI
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Presided over Austria
during the War of Spanish
Succession
Was able to acquire new
territories in Belgium which
led to the division of
Austria into three different
territories:
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Austria
Bohemia
Hungary
Charles VI and the Habsburgs
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With his health failing, Charles sought to ensure
that the Habsburg dynasty would continue its
rule in Austria
His only heir was Maria Theresa, many
countries refused her rule and threatened to
secede from the empire.
He forced them to sign the Pragmatic Sanction
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Legally gave Maria Theresa control over all
Habsburg landholdings stated her as queen of the
Austrian kingdom.
Prussia
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Built by the Hohenzollern
dynasty
Greatest landholding was
Brandenburg
Ruling prince of Prussia was
one of seven electors who
selected the Holy Roman
Emperor
Prussia would be built on
the backs of its strong rulers
and would become future
Germany
Frederick I (1701-1713)
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Would be the first king of
the Kingdom of Prussia
Was responsible for
building up Prussia's
infrastructure
Would have E. Prussia
recognized as a kingdom
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Would consolidate all
other Prussian
landholdings under
the name Prussia
Frederick William I (1713-1740)
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Known as the soldier-king
Believed that the military
was the most important
aspect of Prussia that needed
to be built up
Would form alliances with
other countries to prevent
using his own troops
Managed to avoid being
involved in any wars and left
a surplus of money in the
treasury upon his death.
Frederick II “the Great”
(1740-1786)
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Was considered an
enlightened despot
Oversaw the largest growth
of power in Prussia
Was responsible for
acquiring Silesia from
Austria and Maria Theresa
Oversaw the First Partition
of Poland along with Maria
Theresa and Catherine the
Great
Maria Theresa, (1745-1780)
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Held numerous titles after
the death of her father
Charles VI up to and
including Holy Roman
Empress, Archduchess of
Austria, Queen of Bohemia,
Croatia, Saxony and other
countries
Her reign was repudiated by
other countries including
France which led to the War
of Austrian Succession
Had sixteen children
including Marie Antoinette
The Austrian Invasion
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Upon acceding to the throne, Maria Theresa
would be attacked by Frederick the Great
Frederick would be joined by other countries,
including France, in his attempt to remove
Maria Theresa from power and claim portions
of Austria
Maria Theresa would ask Hungary for assistance
and would manage to only lose Silesia to Prussia
via the Treaty of Aix-La Chapelle
The Seven Years' War
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The Seven Years' War would begin and involve
practically all of the major powers in the world.
It would be known as the French and Indian
War as well over in North America
The war would begin due to issues between
Britain and France over colonial landholdings
and Prussia and Austria over the Prussian
invasion and attempts to acquire Silesia
The British would ally with Prussia, while the
Austrians would ally with the French
Results of the Seven Years' War
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The Treaty of Paris would end the fighting
between France and Britain
 Britain acquires New France and takes
away portions of France's overseas
empire in Asia
The Treaty of Hubertusburg ended the
fighting between Austria and Prussia
 Prussia retains Silesia
BOURBON DYNASTY
BOURBON DYNASTY
HENRY IV
Begun by Henry IV (1589-1610): Le bon roi Henri''
(good King Henry Emblem of the Bourbons - fleurs-delis; married Marie d'Medici (2nd wife)
.
BOURBON DYNASTY
HENRY IV
Duc de Sully: Chief Minister to Henry
IV; lowered taxes on the peasants,
revived the paulette - an annual tax on
people who had purchased judicial and
financial offices, reduced the royal debt
and built up the treasury, promoted
overseas trade by giving subsidies to
trading companies; colonization begun in
Canada
BOURBON DYNASTY
HENRY IV
Henry IV: murdered by Francois
Ravaillac, a Catholic fanatic on
May 14, 1610.
BOURBON DYNASTY
LOUIS XIII
Louis XIII (1610-1643): Nine years old at the
time of the death of his father, Henry IV. Louis
XIII did not develop the confidence necessary to
rule on his own. His mother Marie de'Medici
served as regent until 1617.
Louis XIII married this
daughter of the Spanish
king Philip III, Anne of
Austria:
BOURBON DYNASTY
LOUIS XIII
1624 Marie de'Medici, appointed
Cardinal Richelieu to the Council
of Ministers. In 1628 Richelieu
became the chief minister. This
advisor to Louis XIII held the real
power.
LOUIS XIV
After the death of Louis XII
LOUIS XIV: King of France from 1643 until
1715 (72 years). He had the longest reign in
European history. During this time he brought
absolute monarchy to its height.
Parents: Louis XIII and Anne of Austria
(Hapsburg - daughter of Philip III of Spain).
He was their first child after a marriage of 23
years (married in 1615). They considered
him ''god-given''. He succeeded his father on
the throne at the age of five
BOURBON DYNASTY
LOUIS XIV
The REGENCY: Anne served as
regent for her son. She relied on
Richelieu's successor, Cardinal
Mazarin. Rumor was that their
relationship was very close; he
might have been her secret spouse.
BOURBON DYNASTY
LOUIS XIV
C. The Fronde ''slingshot'' - rebels as naughty children (1648-53): The great nobles
and the judges of the Parlement of Paris launched major but uncoordinated revolt in
reaction to the centralizing policies of Richelieu and Mazarin. Louis was ten years old
when the revolt began. There were riots in Paris and the countryside. The royal family
was twice driven out of Paris and when Louis was 13 he and Anne were held under
virtual arrest in the royal palace in Paris.
This was a frightening experience for the boy and resulted in his dislike of Paris.
Mazarin finally suppressed the Fronde and restored internal order. The tax exempt
status was re-affirmed but the French economy had been disrupted during the
rebellion.
BOURBON DYNASTY
LOUIS XIV
FRANCE BECAMES THE LEADING POWER IN EUROPE:
The Peace of Westphalia (1648) which ended the Thirty Years'
War, together with the Peace of the Pyrenees (1659), which
concluded prolonged warfare with Spain, made France the
leading European power.
Marriage: The latter treaty was sealed by Louis XIV's marriage
on June 9, 1660 to Marie Therese (1638-83), the daughter of
Philip IV of Spain and sister of Charles II. They had seven
children but only one survived to adulthood.
BOURBON DYNASTY
LOUIS XIV
LOUIS XIV takes CONTROL
END OF THE CHIEF MINISTERS: On Mazarin's death
in 1661, Louis astounded his court by becoming his
own chief minister, thereby ending the long ''reign of
the cardinal-ministers.'‘
The king controlled his own government until his death,
acting through his high state council (conseil d'en
haut) and a few select ministers, whom he called or
dismissed at will.
BOURBON DYNASTY
LOUIS XIV
BUILDING: Money was lavished on buildings.
At Versailles (11 miles southwest of Paris), Louis XIII's hunting lodge was
transformed between 1668-1710 into a remarkable palace and park, which
were copied by Louis' fellow monarchs across Europe. It was unfortified,
contained a chapel, theater, library. council chambers, 226 rooms. The most
famous room at Versailles is the Hall of Mirrors. It overlooked palace gardens;
windows on one side reflected in 17 huge gold framed mirrors on other side.
When the king moved permanently to Versailles in 1682, an elaborate court
etiquette was established that had the aristocracy, including former rebel
princes, vying to participate in Louis' rising (leve) and retiring (couche).
Versailles served as a visual display of Louis XIV's absolute power. It
surrounded him with a mystique of royalty. To keep the nobility in check Louis
required that they live at least part of the year at Versailles.
LOUIS XIV - VERSAILLES
BOURBON DYNASTY
LOUIS XIV
E. Image:
Louis saw himself as the center of
French government. His nickname was
the Sun King, around which everything
else revolved. He said L'etat, c'est moi,
"I am the state" reflecting the belief that
he and the country were one. He
projected a commanding persona even
though only 5'5" tall
BOURBON DYNASTY
LOUIS XIV
War of Devolution (1667-68):
against the Spanish Netherlands.
Louis XIV claimed that those
provinces had ''devolved'' by
succession to his Spanish wife
rather than to her half brother
Charles II, who had inherited the
Spanish crown.
The war brought him some valuable
frontier towns in Flanders
BOURBON DYNASTY
LOUIS XIV – Declining Years
Turning Point: Revoked the Edict of
Nantes (1685): the king took the
disastrous step of revoking the Huguenot
minority's right to worship by his Edict of
Fontainebleau. 200,000 Huguenots--who
constituted an industrious segment of
French society--left the country, taking
with them considerable capital as well as
skills. In addition Louis' display of
religious intolerance helped unite the
Protestant powers of Europe against him
BOURBON DYNASTY
LOUIS XIV – Personal Life
The End: The Sun King died of gangrene on
Sept. 1, 1715. His son, Louis the Grand
Dauphin (1661-1711) spent his life avoiding
politics and work. He hunted, partied, and
grew fat. He died of smallpox in 1711. He had
fought in the War of the League of Augsburg
and the War of the Spanish Succession
(1709-10). In 1679, he had married Marie
Christine of Bavaria. He fathered three
children Louis, duc de Bourgogne, 16821712, (the father of Louis XV) ; Philip V of
Spain, 1683-1746, Charles, duc de Berry,
1684 (?)- 1714. Louis died at the age of fifty
and his son and heir the crippled Duc de
Bourgogne, died one year later, and the
throne was inherited by his infant grandson
Louis (XV) in 1715.
HISTORICAL
BACKGROUND
The Romanovs 1500 – 1914
Russia before the Romanovs
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Ivan the Terrible
The Rurik Dynasty was the
ruling dynasty of the
Kievan Rus, and early
Russia from 862 to 1598
A.D.
Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible)
was the first to take the title
of “Tsar”; he married
Anastasia Romanovna
Defeated the Mongols and
expanded Russian territory
The Rurik Dynasty ended
when Tsar Ivan IV’s son
Fyodor I died without an
heir
“The Time of Troubles”
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1598 – 1613 A.D.
After the death of Fyodor I
Civil War - caused by poor crop yields, foreign
invasions and weak kings.
Cossacks and peasants united in calling for a “true
Tsar” that would restore their freedoms
Boyars chose Mikhail Romanov – the 16 year old
grand-nephew of Ivan IV
Mikhail I ruled from 1613 - 1645
Mikhail meeting with Boyars
Peter the Great
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Reigned 1672 – 1725
First Tsar to travel to
Europe
Modernized the
Russian navy &
army
Built St. Petersburg
Encouraged boyars
to adopt Western
dress and attitudes
Reformed the
Church
Catherine the Great
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German princess who
married Tsar Peter III
Ruled Russia alone after
his assassination
Corresponded with
Voltaire and supported
the philosophes
Patron of the arts and
literature
“Enlightened Despot”
Romanovs
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The Romanov
Dynasty
continued until
World War I in
which Tsar
Nicholas II was
overthrown by
Vladimir Lenin
and the
Bolsheviks